POLICY MAKING IN THE UK Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

POLICY MAKING IN THE UK - Essay Example nd its prevention were recognized a hundred years ago, political concern and legal steps to stop this problem started from the 1950s (Joseph Rowntree Foundation, 2000). It has become an acute problem nowadays because Smoking remains the main cause of preventable disease and premature death in the UK. In England alone, over 80,000 deaths per year are due to smoking and about 8.5 million people still smoke in England today. (dh.gov.uk). In the case of UK, the anti-tobacco strategy is carried as a cross-government initiative involving a variety of departments and agencies. The Health Department has the overall responsibility for the delivery of anti-tobacco strategy through formulation of strict laws. UK government formulated its anti-tobacco policy to the extent that it did not want young people to be exposed to tobacco promotions and advertisements and importantly wanted to make it difficult for the young people to get hold of tobacco and tobacco related product of cigarette. As far a s the promotions and advertisements are concerned, the UK government believes that if children or young people are not exposed to it, it will not create an urge among them to smoke. Tobacco policy currently rests on claims: tobacco advertising and promotion are the major reasons why young people begin to smoke; so all forms of tobacco advertising and promotion, including tobacco displays, should be banned. (Basham). As part of the anti-tobacco policy, the government came up with the Health Bill 2009. The key proposals in the bill are the need for the commercial shops to remove tobacco displays and importantly restrict the sale of cigarettes from vending machines. Removing tobacco displays will in a way prevent prospective children and young people from being exposed to the promotions and will also support smokers who want to quit as displays prompt impulse purchases undermining efforts to give up. (dh.gov.uk). Also, the proposal to restrict or even ban the sale of cigarettes from the

Protecting Intellectual Property Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Protecting Intellectual Property - Essay Example Copyright gives an owner the exclusive right to the use of his property and it also means that if the protected property is to be used in any form or manner, it would first be necessary to obtain permission from the owner of the copyright. In order to obtain protection for intellectual property, it is necessary to register the property with the appropriate Copyright or patent and trademarks office. In this way, through the acquisition of an Intellectual property right, the owner of the IPR gains the right to the economic exploitation of the product or service, which is in effect, the reward for the IPR holder’s creativity or innovation. The IRP holder may also designate these rights to others and use the third party for the exploitation of the copyright, by way of licenses for specified periods. The copyright system imposes â€Å"ordinary and reasonable† limitations on the creative process, ensuring that the owner of the copyright on a creative work may continue to enjoy that right for a reasonable period of time. (Lessing 2002:613). But on the other side of the coin is the argument that certain products are in the â€Å"public† domain and therefore accessible in the public realm, which may be distinguished from private ownership (Hartley 2002). Generally, a copyright expires after a specific period, before it falls into the public domain, but with the continuous extensions granted to copyright protection, certain creative works are never falling into the public domain and things are shaping up such that very little is left in the world today that is truly original and has not been copyrighted in one form or another. This can be a strong deterrent for the original creator of an innovative work, since he will be unable to compose or create something for which every part is original and never done before. The original purpose of copyright was to grant to the creator of the original work, the protection for his innovation as well as his time and

From hierarchy to teamwork leading the change

From hierarchy to teamwork leading the change Introduction: Leadership is an essential issue not only in the business environment, but also in all aspects of the human being life. Leadership is essential whether you are a leader of a team or are a single owner with no one working for you. Successful leadership, in matter of truth is a process of thinking; also, it is a route to make things done. Thriving entrepreneurs of today should possess and give out successful leadership skills. Moreover, managers are adept at maintaining the importance of such firm going on and add safety to the said firms, but unfortunately do not make for successful entrepreneurs. Leaders as well as successful entrepreneurs are good at inspiring peoples emotions, raising their expectations, plus taking them in different directions. However, effective leadership should be given off skills always constantly. Leaders are the ones who make things done. Furthermore, A few outstanding leaders function as having professional will in addition to personal humility. They have the commitment to produce whatever it takes to establish an enduring organization. They bear responsibility for the failures. Furthermore, they act on excellent standards; they are humble, let others responsible for the credit moreover, they are not egotistical. Therefore, most persons do not include the nature or instincts gain the life experiences tog to be a top Leadership, on other words, numerous people may receive the ability to improve themselves as to get leaders that are more powerful. However, it is further believed by many, for the most part that Working in teams is often more impressive than working with the earlier style bureaucratic management. This has been effectively demonstrated by first the Japanese experience, moreover, later in more countries around the world. However, the transition from hierarchy to teamwork requires the analysis and practice of the principles of team style management. Definition of Leadership: Leadership can be defined as the potential to influence more people to achieve things. A leader teaches by example and motivates others to observe their actions. A leader looks for other opportunities and is ready to switch their status quo. A leader has the capacity to reach people feel right about what they are doing and helps people think as the work they are accomplishing is working towards the larger objective of the corporation. On the other hand, a leader challenges someone to look beyond his or her base level of performance and action to their highest potential; they struggle to make the optimum out of their employees. Therefore, a leader is a person who recognizes accomplishment as well as properly rewards for accomplishments. Thus, One of the most fundamental aspects of a leader is they treat mistakes same as learning experiences. Leadership Aspects: Challenge the process: A leader searches for easier, additional effective ways to achieve goals, rather than compromising for the age-old manner of doing something. Moreover, leaders are innovative and testing to discover alternative ways of doing things. Inspiring: Leaders efficiently communicate organizational goals towards employees so people realize what is expected of them. Furthermore, they offer people a valid cause to make their jobs by expressing how valuable their work is plus how it helps the company as a whole. They motivate and energize workers and make them faith to perform their job. Modeling: An effective leader teaches by example. Besides, Leaders work with the highest standards and require others to perform to those standards as well. Additionally, they set forward a high-level application and expect a high-level effort from those around them. Personal Leadership Characteristics: Leader should believe that he personally has many superior leadership characteristics. Such like, he has to be honest, hard working, as well as perceptive. In addition, He tends to lead by example, letting others see how strong he works in addition to the level he holds himself to as an example of the class others should want to work towards as well. Likewise, he tends to remain very adept at recognizing peoples feelings about things. Supplementary, he can often tell if someone does not enjoy doing something and try to assist them discover ways to give it more enjoyable. At the identical time, also we find with the purpose that he is innovative in that he usually looks for the easiest means of doing things. Consequently, if a process is in place along with there is a faster or else more reliable method of generating the identical results he can usually obtain it. As well, he should think that he have a superior ability to analyze problems and follow up with solutions to them. In the addition of that and from the widespread, that he would say that to avoid his weaknesses such as the potential to peer. Besides, he should be good at pointing out problems with something also, then expressing those problems for the person who is responsible. However, he should tend to constantly watch for the best things furthermore skip over the bad ones. Thus, this could lead to other long-term problems for that the reason of the problem areas may go uncorrected. Hierarchy Leadership: Hierarchy is a reality in organizations. While many advocates for flatness in organizations, it is ultimately a comparable term, someone is however in charge. Therefore, the buck stops somewhere, in addition to the buck usually has clear channels it passes through before it stops. This is hierarchy. Thus, think the pyramid. Therefore, in a hierarchical system, a little number exists at the top leadership, and the others are apparently working their way through their careers so they can get to getting higher on the pyramid. Leadership development, therefore, is finding people in the bottom parts of the pyramid and grooming them for slots in the top at either your organization or another. On other words, this means picking star performers and making certain they experience the opportunities to extend their leadership skills. However, we can find with the intention of, in several areas of the pyramid comes into play again. Therefore, Leadership development takes your non-leaders and makes a new pyramid out of them, selecting only the head of the sub-pyramid for development. Therefore, we can certainly get so as to numerous practice it for either or what was mentioned early but as giving people the possibility to develop their horizons, present to the Board, take on different projects, etc. on separate words, it is appropriate to look beyond star performers. For example, if leader said that he barely had occasion to actually focus his mentoring attention on two to three people out of his entire team that might be fine if it is within his pyramid. Furthermore, we can add with the purpose that Introspection is fine, but it still will not enable any more than three or four to get the leaders attention. Thus, you desire to develop mechanisms and structures so more people can see the assistance they require to improve leadership within their present roles. Therefore, and as we mentioned earlier, that Operating exclusively within the pyramid structure inhibits this, but it is not seen that people experimenting outside of this paradigm. Leadership Development Hierarchy: It was developed to assist those we coach understand the connection of self-awareness, authenticity, interpersonal effectiveness, purpose, vision, as well as values to their journey of personal leadership development. Therefore, the hierarchy is a conceptual construct that represents the different stages or levels an individual can go through to develop themselves same as successful plus fulfilled leaders within the context of their values, purpose in addition to personal vision. The construct theorizes that people will be more appropriate as leaders if they first achieve enough of the requirements of a lower level before ascending toward higher levels of the hierarchy. On other words, those of us who have observed leadership development along with studied the research in the direction of emotional intelligence are suggesting that leaders who have the emotional maturity will perform better at the higher levels of task demand in addition to complexity than those who make not include the minor levels satisfied. For example, one will be better able to present an organization vision if they have high self-awareness, authenticity as well as interpersonal effectiveness. The Leadership Development Hierarchy is a model that helps people to view a view of the journey they will experience it as if they develop themselves. Therefore, it also facilitates the participants capacity to better manage their learning experiences. Those of us who design and deliver leadership development programs can utilize the hierarchy to certify in addition to categorize content. We also can combine the scope along with the sequence of our instructional design along with the Leadership Development Hierarchy. There are particular chunks of material in addition to experiences that are used to support our learners work throughout each of the levels of the hierarchy. Therefore, coaches of leaders, our job is to design and facilitate a procedure that allows people to have deep individual experiences that lead to move to self-discovery as well as insight. This includes adapting moreover using teaching methods as closely as tools that will assist people learn to tap into their intellectual in addition to emotional skills to get themselves as successful leaders. Only then are we really helping people on their drive to get a level five leader. Leadership as Teamwork: Developing collaboration crosswise an organization necessitates so as to leaders acquire a systems approach toward projects. Furthermore, that means such organization stares at projects at the previously mentioned time as a system of regular activities to cooperate to perform a known objective. Consequently, the general objective is on the means to compliment the entire strategy of such organization. Frequently, every projects sketch as of one source pool, consequently they interconnect while they contribute to the relative resources. For that reason, the process of said projects is itself a project in general, by means of the little main projects being the actions to lead to the bigger project aim. Therefore, as we can say with the aim of it obviously shows that whichever is deficient in of leadership cooperation resonates all the way throughout such organization. Whether leaders do not model preferred behaviors, there is modest expect with the intention of the rest of such organization preserve do it on behalf of them. Whichever is deficient in of leadership support will certainly be replicated in the completion of project teams, and there is little with the role of project managers alone are able to diagnose the problems to arise. Moreover, as we can investigate further on the above subject that a team impression is a single method used by such organization toward institute a strategic bearing for projects on both sides of organizational boundaries. More commonly than not its position is in the process to give directions, handle numerous projects otherwise a selection of projects, and assist within cross-organizational concern resolution. It is due to the earliest faith with the aim that one example by the side of Such organization was a cross-organizational leadership team pulled in concert in the direction of resolve architectural concerns in favor of a current type of business industry. Nevertheless, Entity project teams were optimizing resolutions on the process to provide their objectives. However, it is further believed by many, for the most part in Individual project manager for the organization such organization obtained the proposal on the track to produce together a leadership team. Besides, the team acknowledged ownership toward resolution at the set of consistent matters. For that reason, It primary recognized a set of key concerns and limits on the direction to indicate the study teams. Additionally, once numerous issues bogged downward, it endorsed an appreciation pathway toward two managers who would pay attention in the direction of the use of views and formulate resolutions. As we can say with the purpose of when it is said so as for the reason that of the incredible collision on top of time-to-market of projects needy on the result. The leadership team kept back appropriate stress on makes steps forward. Later, they paid heed to recommendations commencing an exposition breakdown and took action on recommended enhancements, applying them on the way to following projects that were commenced to determine other issues. Additionally, In excess of time the progression enhanced considerably and showed the path to condensed fretfulness concerning the disorganized condition of the manner. It is outstanding to the most ancient faith with intend of this methodical come within the scope of demonstrate the enormous and serious pressure of leadership collective effort on project achievement. Likewise, gradually more apparent are companies who set up portfolio assortment committees. On the separate hand, within this way leaders and project managers make up the collaborative visualization as a result that essential intended for implementation of strategy for such organization. Leading the Change: Such progression of change is obsessed by means of definite structural transformations that are expected to figure the circumstances of economic and business modify in the predictable prospect. Nevertheless, in our case, such organization, it means of the strong facial appearance that we have to commence our investigation of the starting places and disputes of enterprise transformation. Consequently, the talented economic and business surroundings engaged the development of an economic structure that is knowledge motivated, it is worldwide, and it is set-up. Nonetheless, it is knowledge motivated for the reason that the competitiveness and productivity of economic organizations lying upon their capability toward produce procedure and concern professionally awareness geared toward improvement. It is comprehensive for the reason that the key progressions of production, in such organization, movement and consumption are prearranged on a comprehensive level throughout practical connection along with technical, organizational and systematic structures. In addition, it is set-up for the reason that productivity is produced throughout and the contest is controlled approximately a comprehensive network of interface among industry networks. For that reason, these three key features do not signify with the purpose of the talented economic surroundings shows the way towards the junction of economic systems. though, during this circumstance organizational structures distribute crossways systematic situations, make use from every one and other, and produce organizational mixtures so as to communicate to the general outline of business organization and contest, at the same time as adjust in the direction of the exact public background surrounded by which they function. In further words, shape of economic organization is interceded by forebear organizational shapes, systematic structures and cultures of such organization. Thus, this mediation is of elementary worth in the raise of rapidity, or deceleration, of learn progress and events of spread. Multiculturalism: Multiculturalism as a progression of change by means of which we were taught to be familiar with, recognize and understand our own cultural individuality, as well as the comparisons and dissimilarity of people as of other cultural groups. On the other hand, that distinctiveness preserve comprise ethnicity, race, gender, economic class, physical abilities, sexual orientation, religion, job status, and veteran status. Diffusion of multiculturalism and improved personality right of entry to cultural assortment, through on the other hand, various decrease in variety throughout adjustment, and hybridization. Therefore, at such organization, has originated it mainly thriving to arrange functioning commission strength to assist sketch a strategy meant for continuing multicultural assignment. Additional thriving strategies for ascertain an assortment proposal includes: 1. Spotlighting on the positive features of assortment work; 2. Pulling together and allocating articles and new form of documents which clearly demonstrate the benefits of multiculturalism; 3. Performing focal point groups for the community to put across their apprehension and visualization for generating effectual multicultural surroundings. 4. In spite of the strategy, you in time come to a choice upon; most people trace it very helpful to widen an idea of the factors, which are arguing organizations to tie in work, so fine the constant return of multicultural change. Diversity: It goes back to the exceptional and particular characteristics with the intention of make a distinction us at the same time as individuals, and recognizes us seeing that be in the right place to such a group. Besides, Diversity consequently comprises class, religion, race, gender, ethnicity, sexual orientation and abilities/ disabilities. Nevertheless, Diversity presents power and prosperity in the direction of the whole. As a result, Diversity possibly will besides take account of extraction, color, age, marital status, political belief, and family status. Conversely, Diversity is a comprehensive come within reach of all community that be familiar with the diversity we possibly will have in any specified time, constant in the middle of groups to come into sight to be harmonized. In the ongoing such organization, recruiting a varied workers has happened to a more complicated confront for employers. Hence, (Such organization) distinguish the benefits connected by means of employ a varied workers, nevertheless several discover it complicated to accomplish the purpose. Consequently, Directors at (Such organization) who identify the worth of pull towards you miscellaneous employees observation such employment put into practice as a strategic business crucial. On the other hand, value that competitors are concerning by means of markets they are misplaced, diversity is appreciated at the same time as a competitive advantage. The diversity manager for instance at (Such organization) preserve in addition influence sustain for communications programs by repeat top executives with the intention of employment and preservation issues contain a consequence on mutual standing. In conclusion, such organization ought to also bear in mind that outside messages connecting diversity of about any supplementary characteristic of the business culture has to contest the interior actuality. Environmental Issues: As we know that change in the rising economic environment is intimately connected to two key industries, which not simply set up progress and product advanced, but also applied progress at their own structures, and progression, which resulted in higher growth and output and throughout competition, to the diffusion of new business models through the economy. Furthermore, No doubt it is the full interconnection of the markets smooth the progress of by strict redesign that makes the new economy full. Nevertheless, at the central part of such organization, which is utilized the latest technology related mechanism of old economy sort of organizations. Hence the centrality of technology allied economic movement is not correlated to the in the hope of freshly exponential proceeds expansion and market worth of technical firms. As an option, their economic and business result lies as the potentially affected contact for the technique business is carried out. Sustainability: As we can say that a business is sustainable if it has modified its put into practice for the make use of renewable possessions and seizes itself responsible for the environmental contact of its activities. Consequently, this comprises businesses for an organization; to make it possibly will desire to activate in its mode, as well as to defend the environment. In addition, many profit-oriented businesses, like such organization will create a representation of social responsibility throughout a variety of marketing and public relations act; even though this visible figure does not actually indicate with the purpose of, they are sustainable. As we generally disclosed that a business to contain a competitive advantage and maintain the review of time, change is an everyday occasion. Nevertheless, it ought to not be a response; it is a growth to facilitate focuses on preserve a balance inside the same organization, which is such organization, in order to make sure the slow change from one growth to another. Besides, the central part principles and view are deftly entrenched in each act in nature to avoid disorder in the organization. Likewise, the simple route near the logistics of alter management is ingoing to the scene world of business. Team development A team is defined by the necessity for interaction among members of a group. Therefore, the true meaning of interaction, action between, goes to the essence of teamwork. Consequently, the core for some organizations is whether it is needed and to what extends to stress work team operations. Therefore, the nature of the work leads organizations to the answer of the preceding query. Therefore, and as we mentioned earlier at above, that Theory building in addition to empirical research on team development have their roots in social psychology along with group dynamics. Otherwise, it has been dealt explicitly with the issue of team development in terms of empowerment and has distinguished various stages in this development. Therefore, we can certainly get so as to multiple practice it for either or what was mentioned early but as in the primary place, the team should focus on the redundancy of functions. Moreover, qualification matrices are made along with a cross-training program is generated to develop multifunctional and to encourage job expansion in the light of the variety in the request for production capabilities and the distribution of work skills requisite variety. In the upcoming stage, the focusing is on the principle of minimal critical specification, moreover, the redesign of the control structure. Moreover, as we can investigate further on the above subject, as greatly as possible, control objectives are delegated to the team and the focus is on job enrichment. Moreover, in these first two stages, the focus point is on the individual furthermore, there is a shift from conventional to non-routine activities. Furthermore, in the third stage the emphasis is on the self-reliance of the team, on teamwork plus for team-building communication and decision-making. At the identical time, also we find with the purpose of during everyday work the team has to become free of its supervisor. Accordingly, the focus is on teamwork and autonomy. In the previous stage, in line with the principle of double loop learning, the function to explain the non-routine problems is the central concern. For that reason, an ideal area in which this kind of problems always arises is the management of the environment through the team. It is due to the earliest faith with the aim that the activities during the first three stages are chiefly directed inwards, leading to a higher level of empowerment of the team. Additionally, Group boundaries are emphasized beside this will move group members to reinforce group identity. Consequently, Sharp group boundaries always strengthen the group norms and reduce the tolerance for abnormal attitudes and behavior among group members. Thus, this may limit the innovative and innovative capacity of the group, and may reduce its responsiveness toward suppliers and customers, which is an essential reason for empowerment. As we can say with the purpose of when it is said so as to an independent working team might become too inwardly oriented, a tendency that might constrain organizational learning and comprehensive system improvement. On the separate hand, these arguments indicate that team boundaries should be neither too stiff nor too loose. To find the appropriate balance, the concept of boundary management was included in the fourth stage, with the objective of creating teams that are not only autonomous, but also responsive, pro-active as well as innovative. Change and Implementation of Change: Organizational change is a realism of the available world, and to facilitate actuality is not liable to change anytime rapidly. If anything, organizations can wait for toward look the need meant for even more change in the prospect, at a still closer lick. Furthermore, we can add with the purpose of those Organizations encompass to pact with advanced technology and with upgrades for presented technology. Consequently, they comprise to get with reorganizations, practice step up plan, and mergers and acquisitions. In the addition of that and from the widespread of They thrive by mixed any actual resolution that was a fraction of the change mix by a careful and practical as one of the non technical human aspects linked with the change. Therefore, as we can say with the aim of it obviously shows that it suppose Such organization , that thrive at change do so by in view of the people who are affected with, will have to exist with, and are frequently necessary to finishing the change in query. Still better, not only does running the human side of an organizational change scheme assist make sure the successful execution and use of the possible result, it sets the foundation for realized prospect results on the performance of Such organization. Conclusion: On the separate hand, as the times went on, a lot of detailed research has been conducted on the charge In excess of the long run, we consider to promote the organization, so as to pursue a progression alike to the one illustrated amplify their chances for superior accomplishment. Furthermore, this occurs for the point that teams of people following a logical progression and by compelling data to substantiate their arguments more frequently make improved outcome than individuals. Consequently, such project of any organization, enclose further evident, and the importance of words and choice make recover. Additionally, the power of using the criterion that is firmly allied by strategy and recognized with each one in the organization is the justifying result it has to require representation in inventive ways. On the other hand, having progression resources it can be simulated and enhanced over instant awaiting it is optimized. Likewise, it as well many more people can reach out the development and trainer others, thus making knowledge such organization. As we can see obviously that, the demands of the external along with the local environment are opposite to the existing organizational cultures well as style of leadership. Therefore, the importance of those issues is crucial in the success of an enterprise. Consequently, every recent step has to be done according to the existing values, to the existing concepts and if something has to change in the organizational culture that must be done before any further step. However, as the times went on, a lot of important researches had been conducted on the function of the human capital is important and if we are not able to handle correctly, that means a specific failure. As a result, the motivation, the team development and the empowerment define the direction an organization face its employees, leads them. In order to succeed, the consideration to these issues is necessary. However, we can find with the intention of, in several areas of the offered here has noteworthy inference for procedure improvement. as a result, At such business environment, where in such organization , is taking place, environment is constantly methodically implanted; rules, laws, norms and regulations are necessary to construct anticipated business environment of every types among those and the identical organization, which we are talking about, business environment. Furthermore, such organization comprise a critical function to bear role in make sure the circumstances necessary to successful interface among such organization. As we can say with the purpose of when it is said so as to the paramount question is not whether management be supposed to restrict or not; other than, what forms of involvement are likely to be mainly successful in obtainable situations. Conversely, given with the resolution of interference cannot and ought to not be persistent. Likewise, Improvement policy ought to not only focal point on the fundamentals of the scheme, but also on the associations in the midst of these fundamentals. Consequently, this comprises not just the associations surrounded by differing types of organization, but also at such organization. Therefore, we can definitely get so as to numerous practice it for either or what was mentioned early but as Effective leadership has little or nothing to draw with hierarchy along with formal position. Better, soon it will remain whole project based. Therefore, those who excel at being aware, sharing, and pooling knowledge, win. For that reason, once this is a reality, the workplace will be changed forever. I do not mean that once the work project-based for a while it is part of this trend. In fact, a plan now plus there is not be, what this is about it. I envision that over, as we know it will vanish all. Moreover, it will not be needed and will have no function. Instead, a new hierarchy will appear: one solely based on information and networks. As a result, this is a considerably more precarious situation. In effect, a given location can determine who is in charge and hot topic can make an expert surface immediately.

Colonialists vs primitive political organizations :: essays research papers

Native people who occupied what is now â€Å"North America† had different political practices and it was the so called primitive government. The thought that they had a non political organization made the Europeans misunderstand the social structure of the natives. They thought that there is a lack of leadership and inhabitants were at a state of anarchy and underdevelopment. This misapprehension was a result of the political authority measurements Europeans considered; natives did not have any while westerners had too much. When first arrived to south Central America, newcomers were staggered with the society they came upon; this society is so different than the western legitimization of authority. The thinking of no law, no religion, and no king did not make any sense to westerners and that gave them an image of an infant stage of humanity that did not progress as a human binge should. In Europe, the social hierarchy had a Monarch who have a supremacy over people’s lives and can make a decision on behalf of the whole community in matters that concern them all. With that they accepted the definition of power in terms of violence and subordination. The state held the restricted rights and privileges to violence and justice and it can use these rights in any way it sees fit. Westerns in new America did not see that in the â€Å"primitive† society. They failed to see that it was a society functioning on its own but in a way alien to their ways even the early liberals in North America had these thoughts. In such societies power did exist but as a part of a hierarchy and domination. Even the early liberals in North America had these thoughts. It is unattainable to divide societies among the lines of the existence of political power and the lack of it and this is a mistake that Europeans did fall in to when arrived to the new land. Political power is innate to social power in any given society which makes it questionable to think that the original occupants of the land did not have any. Like any other society the primitive society will face a conflict between â€Å"norms† and â€Å"reality† and they will try to â€Å"reconcile† the old norm with the new reality with their own political interpretations of symbols and actions. Although Seventeenth century America had a somewhat liberal democratic agenda, it botched to acknowledge the democratic measures of native tribes. Colonialists vs primitive political organizations :: essays research papers Native people who occupied what is now â€Å"North America† had different political practices and it was the so called primitive government. The thought that they had a non political organization made the Europeans misunderstand the social structure of the natives. They thought that there is a lack of leadership and inhabitants were at a state of anarchy and underdevelopment. This misapprehension was a result of the political authority measurements Europeans considered; natives did not have any while westerners had too much. When first arrived to south Central America, newcomers were staggered with the society they came upon; this society is so different than the western legitimization of authority. The thinking of no law, no religion, and no king did not make any sense to westerners and that gave them an image of an infant stage of humanity that did not progress as a human binge should. In Europe, the social hierarchy had a Monarch who have a supremacy over people’s lives and can make a decision on behalf of the whole community in matters that concern them all. With that they accepted the definition of power in terms of violence and subordination. The state held the restricted rights and privileges to violence and justice and it can use these rights in any way it sees fit. Westerns in new America did not see that in the â€Å"primitive† society. They failed to see that it was a society functioning on its own but in a way alien to their ways even the early liberals in North America had these thoughts. In such societies power did exist but as a part of a hierarchy and domination. Even the early liberals in North America had these thoughts. It is unattainable to divide societies among the lines of the existence of political power and the lack of it and this is a mistake that Europeans did fall in to when arrived to the new land. Political power is innate to social power in any given society which makes it questionable to think that the original occupants of the land did not have any. Like any other society the primitive society will face a conflict between â€Å"norms† and â€Å"reality† and they will try to â€Å"reconcile† the old norm with the new reality with their own political interpretations of symbols and actions. Although Seventeenth century America had a somewhat liberal democratic agenda, it botched to acknowledge the democratic measures of native tribes.

Philosophy †Is Memory Reliable Essay

How would I prove that my memory or reasoning processes are reliable? There really is no good way to answer this question. My first thought was, well that should be easy, because I can prove my memory is reliable by the fact that I remember where class is every day that I show up. If I can remember where the classroom is, that must show my memory is reliable. But then I realized that I’m relying on a memory to come up with that example. This makes the question seem like a paradox to even try and answer, because in order to figure out if there is a way to prove my memory is reliable, I must use my memory to recall memories that might apply, and I must also assume the accuracy of the memories I might draw from as example. I cannot prove memory reliability by using logic drawn from the assumption that the memories I used are reliable. This seems to create a fallacy in logic before even getting started. In reality it seems easy to say that yes, although our memories are sometimes wrong, generally more often than not they are right. We know this because we recall from our memory many times each day to do the simplest tasks. If our memory was that flawed, we would be unable to survive on a day to day basis. Where do I get water? How do I get food? How do I drive a car? While this does show that we are able to rely on our memories to complete everyday tasks, it doesn’t prove our memory is consistently true. We cannot be sure that any memory we’ve ever had actually happened exactly the way we remember it (unless material sources are used, like video or pictures to back up the memory) because of a multitude of problems with memory like delusion and distortion. Memories can be easily manipulated and altered in many different ways, from simple re-telling where little details may be unwittingly changed each time a memory is told, to the power of suggestion in which an entirely false memory can be implanted into a persons mind and believed to be true by that person. Although these memories may seem very real to us, even to the point where we are willing to fight for their reliability, they are still factually false. This actually happens a lot! Although it practice these issues with memory exist, they are mostly ignored because we typically use other methods beyond memory alone to help collaborate what we remember. We are validated by others who share the same memory, photos, ect. So although in a philosophical world it seems impossible to find solid clear evidence that memory is truly reliable, but it seems silly, and even dangerous to continually doubt that memory can be reliably called upon. For example, I decide to cross the road without looking both ways because I cannot be sure that being hit by a car would kill me. I might have seen and heard of people being killed by cars in the past, but if I doubt my own memory how could I be sure that speeding cars have the potential to actually kill people. Because of this seemingly correct logic I might then be hit by a car and become a victim of what many would say is clear common sense. So although there is no good way to prove the reliability of memory, we must still rely on it all the same.

White King, Red Rubber, Black Death

White King, Red Rubber, Black Death â€Å"White King, Red Rubber, Black Death,† illustrated how King Leopold II of Belgium acquired the Congo as a free state and exploited it by reign of terror. King Leopold II took over leadership of Belgium from his father, hoping to gain power and wealth, as well as assuming control of overseas territories like most other European nations of the time did. Leopold created, through political lobbying and military force, the Belgian Free State.The Belgian Free State gave Leopold power over the African territory of the Congo, which he soon exploited for its large supplies of ivory and rubber. Leopold and his soldiers used the Congolese natives as forced labor, and those who refused to work for the Belgians or who violated their newly established laws were punished by mutilation, torture, or death. Nearly ten million people were either slaughtered or worked to death in the Congo under Leopold's rule.In the end, Leopold's reign of terror in the C ongo became a scandal during the last years of his rule, and he destroyed most of the documents pertaining to the Belgian Free State prior to his death. Before this History class, I would have never had known about the documentary â€Å"White King, Red Rubber, Black Death† and about the many issues that were present in the Congo of Africa in the past. This documentary had left me speechless and astonished in the end. It had truly opened my eyes to the many tragedies that the Africans of the Congo endured under the reign of King Leopold II.Furthermore, I wondered, why throughout the entire reign of King Leopold II didn’t anyone even try bringing him down and making him pay for his cruel punishments depicted upon the Congo popularity? It amazes me that, during the thirty years that Leopold committed acts of violence and cruelty amongst the Congo, Leopold was still worshiped after by the Belgium’s as the man who colonized the Congo and made the Belgium city wealthy . This is a man who depicted the ignorance and greediness of Belgium.In my eyes, everything that Belgium has today, is out of fraud and lies because of the selfish acts Leopold committed. All of this cruelty, because of the exportation of rubber? I couldn’t believe it with my own eyes and ears, the amount of damage Leopold had caused amongst the Congo and its people just because of his obsession with power and wealth. Yet, if this was an issue that was being presented in today’s society of a specific area many would jump to fight and defend this area.King Leopold conducted many extreme measures in the past for no reason, in my opinion. If I was alive during this period and was one of the many people of the Congo who were enduring this cruelty and pain, I would stand up for what I believe in, save my people, and make a change. I do believe that if such person in today’s society, conducted these acts of punishment they would immediately get the death penalty becau se of the well improved justice system we have today, but why not back then?

John James Audubon - Biography of Painter and Naturalist

John James Audubon - Biography of Painter and Naturalist John James Audubon created a masterpiece of American art, a collection of paintings titled Birds of America published in a series of four enormous volumes from 1827 to 1838. Besides being a remarkable painter, Audubon was a great naturalist, and his visual art and writing helped inspire the conservation movement. Early Life of James John Audubon Audubon was born as Jean-Jacques Audubon on April 26, 1785 in the French colony of Santo Domingo, the illegitimate son of a French naval officer and a French servant girl. After the death of his mother, and a rebellion in Santo Domingo, which became the nation of Haiti, Audubons father took Jean-Jacques and a sister to live in France. Audubon Settled in America In France, Audubon neglected formal studies to spend time in nature, often observing birds. In 1803, when his father became worried that his son would be conscripted into Napoleons army, Audubon was sent to America. His father had purchased a farm outside Philadelphia, and the 18-year-old Audubon was sent to live on the farm. Adopting the Americanized name John James, Audubon adapted to America and lived as a country gentleman, hunting, fishing, and indulging in his passion for observing birds. He became engaged to the daughter of a British neighbor, and soon after marrying Lucy Bakewell the young couple left the Audubon farm to venture into the American frontier. Audubon Failed in Business in America Audubon tried his luck at various endeavors in Ohio and Kentucky, and discovered that he was not suited for a life of business. He later observed that he spent too much time looking at birds to worry about more practical matters. Audubon devoted considerable time to ventures into the wilderness on which he would shoot birds so he could study and draw them. A sawmill business Audubon ran in Kentucky failed in 1819, partly due to the widespread financial crisis known as the Panic of 1819. Aubudon found himself in serious financial trouble, with a wife and two young sons to support. He was able to find some work in Cincinnati doing crayon portraits, and his wife found work as a teacher. Audubon traveled down the Mississippi River to New Orleans, and was soon followed by his wife and sons. His wife found employment as a teacher and governess, and while Audubon devoted himself to what he saw as his true calling, the painting of birds, his wife managed to support the family. A Publisher Was Found In England After failing to interest any American publishers in his ambitious plan to publish a book of paintings of American birds, Audubon sailed to England in 1826. Landing in Liverpool, he managed to impress influential English editors with his portfolio of paintings. Audubon came to be highly regarded in British society as a natural unschooled genius. With his long hair and rough American clothes, he became something of a celebrity. And for his artistic talent and great knowledge of birds he was named a fellow of the Royal Society, Britains leading scientific academy. Audubon eventually met up with an engraver in London, Robert Havell, who agreed to work with him to publish Birds of America. The resulting book, which became known as the double elephant folio edition for the immense size of its pages, was one of the largest books ever published. Each page measured 39.5 inches tall by 29.5 inches wide, so when the book was opened it was more than four feet wide by three feet tall. To produce the book, Audubons images were etched on copper plates, and the resulting printed sheets were colored by artists to match Audubons original paintings. Birds of America Was a Success During the production of the book Audubon returned to the United States twice to collect more bird specimens and sell subscriptions for the book. Eventually the book was sold to 161 subscribers, who paid $1,000 for what eventually became four volumes. In total, Birds of America contained 435 pages featuring more than 1,000 individual paintings of birds. After the lavish double elephant folio edition was finished, Audubon produced a smaller and much more affordable edition which sold very well and brought Audubon and his family a very good income. Audubon Lived Along the Hudson River With the success of Birds of America, Audubon purchased a 14-acre estate along the Hudson River north of New York City. He also wrote a book titled Ornithological Biography containing detailed notes and descriptions about the birds which appeared in Birds of America. Ornithological Biography was another ambitious project, eventually stretching into five volumes. It contained not only material on birds but accounts of Audubons many travels on the American frontier. He recounted stories about meetings with such characters as an escaped slave and the famed frontiersman Daniel Boone. Audubon Painted Other American Animals In 1843 Audubon set off on his last great expedition, visiting the western territories of the United States so he could paint American mammals. He traveled from St. Louis to the Dakota territory in the company of buffalo hunters, and wrote a book which became known as the Missouri Journal. Returning to the east, Audubons health began to decline, and he died at his estate on the Hudson on January 27, 1851. Audubons widow sold his original paintings for Birds of America to the New York Historical Society for $2,000. His work has remained popular, having been published in countless books and as prints. The paintings and writings of John James Audubon helped inspire the conservation movement, and one of the foremost conservation groups, The Audubon Society, was named in his honor. Editions of Birds of America remain in print to this day, and original copies of the double elephant folio fetch high prices on the art market. Sets of the original edition of Birds of America have sold for as much as $8 million.

Trauma Development and Spirituality Essay Example

Trauma Development and Spirituality Essay Example Trauma Development and Spirituality Essay Trauma Development and Spirituality Essay Trauma, Development, and Spirituality 1-Explain how trauma can affect development, most specifically neural development. 2-Discuss how spiritual development can counter the effects of trauma. 3-What elements influence how much trauma will impact a child? 4-Give details on the prevalence of different types of trauma and if they differ among different cultures. (at least 600 words and at least 2 academic journals from the Liberty Online Database) Include a subheading per discussion question to keep the paper organized. Follow the â€Å"APA Cheat Sheet† in the course closely!

APUSH spring terms unit 10 Flashcards Example for Free (#10)

APUSH spring terms unit 10 the transfer of certain powers from the United States Government back to the states; name of President Ronald Reagan’s economic program signed by the US, Canada, and many of the European states in an attempt to improve relations between the Soviet bloc and the West a law intended to check the President’s power to commit the United States to an armed conflict (such as the Vietnam War) without the consent of Congress The United States supported this country’s deposed shah, and its inhabitants retaliated by taking American hostages A communist republic originally led by Josef Stalin; improved relations with the US came with Ronald Reagan and Mikhail Gorbachev the setting of a partial nuclear meltdown in Pennsylvania; the worst accident in US commercial power plant history a revolutionary government in Nicaragua that allied themselves with the USSR and Cuba a Multinational force was sent here in 1982 to oversee the withdrawal of the Palestine Liberation Organization; in 1983 two truck bombs killed 299 French and American servicemen invaded by the Soviets in 1979 and occupied for 10 years; the invasion caused President Carter to withdraw the Salt II Treaty a country who led by Saddam Hussein invaded Kuwait, and the US retaliated with Operation Desert Storm which basically consisted of massive air strikes against Iraqi targets proposed by Ronald Reagan to use ground and space based systems to protect the US from nuclear missiles the setting of student-led popular demonstrations in Beijing that led to troops invading the square with assault rifles and tanks that inflicted thousands of casualties (also known as the June 4th massacre) served as secretary of state under Presidents Nixon and Ford; pioneered the policy of detente with the Soviet Union; opened relations with the People’s Republic of China; negotiated the Paris Peace Accords which ended the Vietnam War; received the Nobel Peace Prize Chief Justice of the Supreme Court from 1969-1986; ruled against Nixon in his attempt to withhold tapes during the Watergate Scandal; also determined the legality of abortion in Roe v. Wade an American astronaut and the first person to walk on the moon released the Pentagon Papers to the New York Times in 1971; a study of top-secret government documents about information withheld from the American people during the Vietnam War presided over the trial of the Watergate burglars; ordered President Nixon to turn over his recordings of White House conversations two journalists that uncovered a system of political â€Å"dirty tricks† and crimes that eventually led to indictments of forty White House and administration officials, and ultimately to the resignation of President Richard Nixon (The Watergate Scandal) the first special prosecutor for the Watergate Scandal; indirectly fired by Nixon for demanding that he release his recordings of the conversations in the Oval office Special counsel to President Nixon; one of the â€Å"Watergate Seven†, those who pled guilty to obstruction of justice for defame Daniel Ellsberg the 37th president of the United States who was the only president to resign from office became Vice President under Richard Nixon after Spiro Agnew resigned; became president after Nixon resigned; only president to serve as both Vice President and President without being elected by the Electoral College; criticized for pardoning Nixon; served under a weak economy and wanted to â€Å"WIN† (Whip Inflation Now) created the Department of Energy; oversaw the signing of the Camp David Accords between Israel and Egypt; failed to recover hostages during the Iranian Hostage Crisis applied the theory of supply-side economics (if corporate taxes are reduced, those corporations will earn greater profits and then hire more employees, called voo-doo economics by Bush); lobbied Congress for a tax cut for all Americans; greatest success was with American-Soviet relations with Mikhail Gorbachev (â€Å"Mr. Gorbachev, tear down this wall†) campaign focused on â€Å"Read my lips: no new taxes†; criticized for eventually raising taxes as part of a budget agreement with Congress in 1990 President of Egypt; assassinated by fundamentalist army officers in 1971 evangelical fundamentalist Southern Baptist pastor, televangelist, and a conservative political commentator; cofounded the Moral Majority a Marine Corps colonel and National Security Council Staff member who was involved in the clandestine sale of weapons to Iran in order to encourage release of hostages held in Lebanon (Iran-Contra scandal) Secretary of State under George W. Bush; first African-American secretary of state he co-founded Solidarity, the Soviet bloc’s first independent trade union, won the Nobel Peace Prize in 1983, and served as President of Poland Gerald Ford’s running mate in 1976 and the Republican nominee in 1996 against President Bill Clinton established NAFTA, also impeached for perjury during the Lewinsky scandal spent 27 years in prison for â€Å"sabotage and conspiracy to overthrow the government† in South Africa, and upon his release, he began negotiations with President F.W. de Klerk which led to the removal of apartheid; then elected President of South Africa in 1990 We use cookies to give you the best experience possible. By continuing we’ll assume you’re on board with our cookie policy We will write a custom sample essay on APUSH spring terms unit 10 specifically

Week 5 refrace Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

Week 5 refrace - Essay Example In an organization, especially an account’s practice such as mine, leaders and disciples often trade places several times a day. In some cases, such an arrangement is referred to as distributed leadership. Across the board, the traits of authenticity, coupled with the dispositions of integrity and fidelity that vary between individuals, form the basic principles in the pursuit of conceptualizing good in my organization (this conclusion was drawn after rigorous action research (AR) that took form of interviews of members in informal settings conducted during the course of my dissertation module). Ben-Yoav, Hollander, and Carnevale (1983) discussed argumentatively the difference authenticity makes to a movement initiated by a member who aims to promulgate relationship building between members or project an action within the member community of the organization. The followers, in order to assist with the protagonist’s motion, must witness for themselves the goodness of his intent in order to be willing to follow and subsequently play their role as supporters when the situation leads to that. The focus of my paper is to assess the legitimacy of this statement. The aim is to highlight the ethical frameworks which develop into principles which help direct the participants to collaborate amongst themselves, as opposed to defining the ‘inside’ groups and the outside collaborators which proved deceptively hard to completely define. Thus, the underlying qualities of a leader were assessed in light of ethical and moral justness. In order to achieve this, the focus has been primarily placed on the communicative bridge called leader authenticity, a concept that dictates the flow of conscience amongst members which then enables them to follow their leader’s word (widely believed by the majority to be the best way to incite support and action with the prevailing cultural norms, subject to unforeseen changes). This notion translates to the fol lowing understanding,

Critical Response Paper 2 Research Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Critical Response 2 - Research Paper Example The suspension of Frederick is nullified as it did not cross the ethical and moral boundaries. What it did was to inculcate among others Frederick’s own sentiments which were flawed in their own right. He did not know what he was inculcating, and hence is not charged for the same. Had he known he was doing something irresponsible, and still committed to the act, he would have been charged in a manner which was seemingly fit. Therefore I acquit Frederick of any charges against him which are a result of the hate that exists in line with drugs and their usage. I give him the margin as he can spend his life with a sense of understanding and people shall empathize with him in the coming times. In all fairness and going by the rule of law, Frederick stands not guilty and is therefore free from all charges and banishments against him. References Burns, S. L. & Peyrot, M., 2010. Standardizing social problems solutions: The case of court-supervised drug treatment. Research in Social Pr oblems and Public Policy, 17 Giles, S. M., 2010. Coaching to enhance quality of implementation in prevention. Health Education, 110 Reid, L., 2010. The state of public research on over-the-counter drug advertising.

Company Law Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Company Law - Coursework Example This legislation is a critical constituent of the constitution since it provides guidance to corporate entities2. Initially, company act begins by establishing diverse business forms. The key forms include partnership, sole proprietorship and companies. Sole proprietorship Sole proprietorship is the oldest business structure normally founded by a single party. Consequently, the founder of the organization serves as the overall manager of the entity3. Sole proprietorship lacks a legal personality since the owner is accountable for the organization liabilities. Similarly, the revenues of this entity act as the income of the founder for tax purposes. Sole proprietorship is the most rampant form owing to easy in formation. Moreover, the entity’s governance follows few regulations thus its operations are easy to manage. Despite the inclusion of the business form in company law, the entity lacks legal personality4. Therefore, strict legal analysis deters inclusion of Sole proprietor ship in this legislation. Because of the absence of a distinct legal personality, the founder bears all legal consequences that relate to the entity5. Partnership Represents an organization founded by more than one individual. An assorted forms of this partnership exists. Notably, the differences to the partnership exist due to liability of the founding members6. Unlimited liability characterizes a general partnership. Consequently, founders bear legal liability both individually and jointly for business’ transactions. This means that the entity has no legal individuality. Similarly, the founders coin a ratio that dictates sharing of profits. This ratio principally corresponds to the capital ratio. This section of the company provides the basis for dissolution of partnerships. Additionally, the legislation provides for limited partnership. Limited partnership deviates from the convectional partnerships by admitting partners with limited liability. Subsequently, the unlimited partner bears the blunt of the entity’s losses. Partnerships suffer multiple management hitches due to differing ideologies of the partners. However, the Company act provide for a treaty that guides the partnership. The treaty outlines how the partner will operate the entity. Moreover, it establishes the responsibility of the partners. Limited liability companies The Company act predominantly addresses this entity in detail. Fundamentally, a company represents an alliance of individuals with a unified objective. The legislation begins by establishing an entity with a distinct legal individuality7. The distinct legal individuality arose through judicial precedents. The distinct legal personality allows the entity to transact in its own identity. Additionally, a company can undertake legal action against a party. Similarly, the entity can be a defendant in litigation. â€Å"Salmon vs. Salmon† established the legal identity of the companies. Salmon, a shoe designer, incor porated his business with himself as a debenture holder8. Additionally, the entity borrowed more money creating creditors. Owing to industrial upheaval, the entity collapsed and the creditor applied for liquidation of the entity. In adherence to the company act, the liquidators paid Salmon prior to the creditors. Nonetheless, the creditor argued that the entity was a deception hence creditor should receive refunds before Salmon. The lords stated that the entity’

Advanced Practice in Community Health Nursing Essay

Advanced Practice in Community Health Nursing - Essay Example This paper shall analyze the human papilloma virus (HPV) vaccination program being implemented in Singapore in response to the increase of cervical cancer cases. The proposed response to the selected health issue shall then be considered. Finally a proposed action plan to establish the current response to the selected issue close to the ideal best practice response shall be presented. Body Cervical cancer is considered the seventh most popular form of cancer among women in Singapore (National Registry of Diseases, 2008). All of these cases of cervical cancer have been attributed to the Human Papilloma Virus; this virus has also been associated with the development of tumour growths in the vulva, vagina, anus, and the penis. It has also been associated to genital warts (Obstetrical & Gynaecological Society of Singapore, 2011). There are two types of HPV vaccines being used in Singapore, namely, the Gardasil and the Cervarix. Gardasil is used for females aged 9 to 26 years and Cervarix is used for females aged 10 to 25 years (Obstetrical & Gynaecological Society of Singapore, 2011). With these numbers, the importance of setting up a health program to reduce these cases has been considered vital for the global community, and certainly for Singapore. Human Papilloma Virus Vaccination in Singapore Merck was the first who was able to gain approval from the US Food and Drug Administration in the distribution of Gardasil, its first HPV vaccine (Parry, 2007). Since then, it has been approved in other countries and is being distributed worldwide. GlaxoSmith followed Merck’s success by finally gaining approval for its HPV vaccine known as Cervarix. In the meantime, the World Health Organization has been active in its information dissemination about this vaccine and in establishing guidelines for the distribution and use of this vaccine. It has been tested in various parts of the globe, and so far, consistent results have been seen (Parry, 2007). The WHO has also pr ovided all countries seeking to utilize this vaccine with the guidance and technical notes in introducing these vaccines. The WHO acknowledges the importance of educating the governments and health professionals about the vaccine and the virus itself, its risks, and the possible preventive measures which they can apply in order to reduce its impact (Parry, 2007). The benefits of this vaccine have been apparent in relation to HPV 16/18 related pre-cancer lesions; their long-term benefits however have yet to be established. Nevertheless, both vaccines have proven to be generally safe and tolerated without any serious negative events observed (Obstetrical & Gynaecological Society of Singapore, 2011). Minor side-effects observed include pain, swelling, redness at the site of injection. In injections, these are common side-effects which are usually expected and pose no alarming risks and implications. In Singapore, the Ministry of Health is recommending HPV vaccination among females aged 9 and 26 years (Obstetrical & Gynaecological Society of Singapore, 2011). Ideally, it must be given to females who have never had sexual intercourse because it is a vaccine which does not provide protection against already existing HPV infections (Obstetrical & Gynaecological Society of Singapore, 2011). Sexually active women can also be vaccinated, but they must first undergo Papanicolaou Smear tests in order to rule out the presence of the virus or any other neoplastic growths. The efficacy of the HPV vaccine is also expected to be lower among sexually active

There have been many significant inventions that changed the way Essay

There have been many significant inventions that changed the way people live their lives. What, in your opinion, is one signific - Essay Example Thesis Statement - While technological advances such as electricity and the internet improved the lives of people in many ways, they did not really contribute to stopping the continued systematic oppression of more than 50% of the world’s population. The Early Forms of Birth Control In the ancient world, many women and a few men thought seriously about how to create a product that could stop women from conceiving every time they experienced sexual intimacy. It was an understood fact, even then, that continued pregnancies were greatly harmful to the bodies of women. There have been records found to verify that crude forms of condoms were made out of the intestines of animals in ancient Greece. There were also poultices formed from as assortment of strange substances which were used by women. Moreover, most of these methods were unsuccessful in stopping pregnancy. Birth control was viewed as being a taboo subject that ‘respectable’ women would not engage in. ... Birth Control in the Early Days According to Engelman, from 1800 to 1900 in the United States alone, nine out of every 1000 women would lose their lives during childbirth (Engelman, 24). The American government actively discouraged the distribution of any information regarding matters to do with controlling pregnancy or spacing the numbers of children that a woman had. Engaging in such activities was seen as being in support of the propagation of pornographic activities. Moreover, the American government did not say or do much about the many women who were dying on a daily basis during childbirth. As speaking frankly about reproductive matters was something that could be prosecuted under state as well as federal laws of the time, women in the 18th century did not know or understand much as concerning their bodies or reproductive systems. For women’s lives to be improved, they have to be able to control their reproductive lives. In the 18th century, as well as in all centuries prior, there were different methods that some couples resorted to in order to prevent pregnancy. In some families, a married couple would actually visit relatives separately as a way of dealing with the temptation to engage in sexual intercourse. A few couples tried to use abstinence, even when they were living together, to limit the birth of children. Many couples, however, preferred the withdrawal method, or other untested techniques that involved the use of sponges, condoms, cervical caps, and douches. All these methods, though, were not very successful. The majority of sponges and creams even brought serious health-related problems for their users. Abstinence did not work for the most part because it required complete self-denial on the part of the husband. Women, who were well aware of

Company Law Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Company Law - Coursework Example This legislation is a critical constituent of the constitution since it provides guidance to corporate entities2. Initially, company act begins by establishing diverse business forms. The key forms include partnership, sole proprietorship and companies. Sole proprietorship Sole proprietorship is the oldest business structure normally founded by a single party. Consequently, the founder of the organization serves as the overall manager of the entity3. Sole proprietorship lacks a legal personality since the owner is accountable for the organization liabilities. Similarly, the revenues of this entity act as the income of the founder for tax purposes. Sole proprietorship is the most rampant form owing to easy in formation. Moreover, the entity’s governance follows few regulations thus its operations are easy to manage. Despite the inclusion of the business form in company law, the entity lacks legal personality4. Therefore, strict legal analysis deters inclusion of Sole proprietor ship in this legislation. Because of the absence of a distinct legal personality, the founder bears all legal consequences that relate to the entity5. Partnership Represents an organization founded by more than one individual. An assorted forms of this partnership exists. Notably, the differences to the partnership exist due to liability of the founding members6. Unlimited liability characterizes a general partnership. Consequently, founders bear legal liability both individually and jointly for business’ transactions. This means that the entity has no legal individuality. Similarly, the founders coin a ratio that dictates sharing of profits. This ratio principally corresponds to the capital ratio. This section of the company provides the basis for dissolution of partnerships. Additionally, the legislation provides for limited partnership. Limited partnership deviates from the convectional partnerships by admitting partners with limited liability. Subsequently, the unlimited partner bears the blunt of the entity’s losses. Partnerships suffer multiple management hitches due to differing ideologies of the partners. However, the Company act provide for a treaty that guides the partnership. The treaty outlines how the partner will operate the entity. Moreover, it establishes the responsibility of the partners. Limited liability companies The Company act predominantly addresses this entity in detail. Fundamentally, a company represents an alliance of individuals with a unified objective. The legislation begins by establishing an entity with a distinct legal individuality7. The distinct legal individuality arose through judicial precedents. The distinct legal personality allows the entity to transact in its own identity. Additionally, a company can undertake legal action against a party. Similarly, the entity can be a defendant in litigation. â€Å"Salmon vs. Salmon† established the legal identity of the companies. Salmon, a shoe designer, incor porated his business with himself as a debenture holder8. Additionally, the entity borrowed more money creating creditors. Owing to industrial upheaval, the entity collapsed and the creditor applied for liquidation of the entity. In adherence to the company act, the liquidators paid Salmon prior to the creditors. Nonetheless, the creditor argued that the entity was a deception hence creditor should receive refunds before Salmon. The lords stated that the entity’

There have been many significant inventions that changed the way Essay

There have been many significant inventions that changed the way people live their lives. What, in your opinion, is one signific - Essay Example Thesis Statement - While technological advances such as electricity and the internet improved the lives of people in many ways, they did not really contribute to stopping the continued systematic oppression of more than 50% of the world’s population. The Early Forms of Birth Control In the ancient world, many women and a few men thought seriously about how to create a product that could stop women from conceiving every time they experienced sexual intimacy. It was an understood fact, even then, that continued pregnancies were greatly harmful to the bodies of women. There have been records found to verify that crude forms of condoms were made out of the intestines of animals in ancient Greece. There were also poultices formed from as assortment of strange substances which were used by women. Moreover, most of these methods were unsuccessful in stopping pregnancy. Birth control was viewed as being a taboo subject that ‘respectable’ women would not engage in. ... Birth Control in the Early Days According to Engelman, from 1800 to 1900 in the United States alone, nine out of every 1000 women would lose their lives during childbirth (Engelman, 24). The American government actively discouraged the distribution of any information regarding matters to do with controlling pregnancy or spacing the numbers of children that a woman had. Engaging in such activities was seen as being in support of the propagation of pornographic activities. Moreover, the American government did not say or do much about the many women who were dying on a daily basis during childbirth. As speaking frankly about reproductive matters was something that could be prosecuted under state as well as federal laws of the time, women in the 18th century did not know or understand much as concerning their bodies or reproductive systems. For women’s lives to be improved, they have to be able to control their reproductive lives. In the 18th century, as well as in all centuries prior, there were different methods that some couples resorted to in order to prevent pregnancy. In some families, a married couple would actually visit relatives separately as a way of dealing with the temptation to engage in sexual intercourse. A few couples tried to use abstinence, even when they were living together, to limit the birth of children. Many couples, however, preferred the withdrawal method, or other untested techniques that involved the use of sponges, condoms, cervical caps, and douches. All these methods, though, were not very successful. The majority of sponges and creams even brought serious health-related problems for their users. Abstinence did not work for the most part because it required complete self-denial on the part of the husband. Women, who were well aware of

Global Wine Essay Example for Free

Global Wine Essay 1. How were the French able to dominate the worldwide wine trade for centuries? What sources of competitive advantage did they develop to support their exports? The French wine production essentially dates back to the time when it was part of the pioneering niche market for high quality premium wine. The factor conditions such as land and climate were pertinent attributes of the France, compared to other European countries. Cross border shipping costs surged in the early 19th century. However, France was able to amalgamate the relevant industries that supported wine production, within their borders. Therefore, France was able to raise the level of its competitive advantage throughout the various sources, absent any relative impact from other countries. Eventually, the wine industry proliferated and became the second largest export segment for France. This was combined with an extravagant culture of rich food, whilst making the customers more demanding, with respect to a certain quality of wine produced. In the aftermath of such demand shifts, the French government created the classification system, which raised the barriers to entry so that foreign competition can be limited. This classification system also aided the consumers in making easy decisions through the complexity of a fragmented market. It was essentially a depiction of standardization of quality measures to maintain industry standards of French wine worldwide. Much was relied on the vintner with respect to other operational capacities such as marketing and research. Due to a fragmented market, most small scale farmers relied on the wine maker for most market activities. 2. Given the longstanding dominance of Old World wine producers, how were the New World producers, such as the Australians, able to expand their market share so rapidly in the 1990s? 3. What changes in the global industry structure and competitive dynamics led the France and other traditional producers to lose market share to challengers from Australia, US, and other New World countries? 4. What should be done for France to restore its position?

Analysis Of The Problem Of Evil Philosophy Essay

Analysis Of The Problem Of Evil Philosophy Essay In the paper written by Collins entitled, The Problem of Evil Basics, It has been noted that reconciling the concept of existence of a perfectly good God and evil is necessary in solving the problem of evil. Collins presented two valid arguments in clarifying the problem of evil in the theistic perspective. One argument is coming from theodicy. Theodicy argues that God exists and He permits evils in this world. The Defense argument proposes that the existence of evil is not dependent on the notion that God exist. The Defense argument further claims that if there is God and He is good, then evils in the world would not exist. However, since evils exist, then there is no God because the existence of a supreme being presupposes that good would prevail. With this, should we justify evils in relation to the existence of God? Or should we deny the existence of God in order to justify evils? Basically, the analysis of this paper would revolve around the above contentions. Basically, the problem of good and evil is quite a complicated and complex topic. It has no definite answer since it goes beyond the sphere of the material world and human knowledge is limited. This is not to say that the finite capacity of the human knowledge is inadequate in comprehending the said topic. Plausible explanations can still be formulated and accepted in responding to the issues mentioned above. Accordingly, if we would provide a justifiable explanation about the problem of evil, ones personal analysis is necessary but it has to be coupled with the arguments coming from the philosophical claims of the experts. Of course, everybody has his/her own explanation about the existence of evils in this world. Evils are usually viewed as something harmful or destructive to the normal flow of things. It can be caused by man or by nature. The issue of morality would also be tackled in line with the existence of evil. In this sense, it is inevitable that the concept of right and wrong actions when it comes to human actions would have to be explained. On the other hand, natural occurrences such as floods, typhoons, earthquakes, tsunamis and the like are judged based on the harm done to man, other living creatures and the planet in general. In short, harm as a result of a natural phenomenon is equated with evil. In addition, the natural inclination of other primitive creatures such as lions, tigers, sharks and other ferocious animals could also be seen as evil producing actions. This is because the actions of these predators normally bring more harm than good to their prey. If deeply analyzed, the survival of the fittest within the world of the primitive creatures inevitably create destructive condition in the wild. Though they are part of the evolutionary process, as argued by most biologists or other natural scientists , the whole process can be equated to an evil producing condition where subduing other species is a natural phenomenon. Now, how does the concept of God situate in the mentioned assumptions? In the paper entitled, In Connection Building Theodicy Handout, the Greater Good Principle is explained in relation to the problem of evil. This principle suggests that if God is perfectly good then He has all the power to eliminate evils in the world. Consequently, God allows evils but those which are freely chosen by man. This strengthens the proposition that God doesnt exist because evils are ever-present in this world. On another angle of the debate, the Theodicy argument has been criticized by many experts. In the paper of Collins, the flaws of theodicy argument were explicated. It is said that suffering in this world is a result of committing sin. This is why by committing sinful acts, man receives certain kind of punishment in the form of suffering. Thus, suffering is inevitable and should be accepted. However, as argued by Collins, this argument is flawed because it does not explain clearly why God allows evil and the reason why the innocents have to suffer also. The second theodicy argument is the fall theodicy which states that suffering was a result of the fall of man. This line of thinking claims that man has to suffer because of the original sins committed by Adam and Eve. However, this is also flawed because no concrete explanation could be extracted as to why God allows evils to happen. The third argument is the Satan theodicy which declares that suffering is a consequence of the rebellion of Satan from God. This is another invalid argument simply because it would be hard to prove that such situation is real. Also, it does provide any concrete explication as to the reason why God has to allow evils to exist in this world. In a related academic paper, Evolution and the Problem of Evil, the Intelligent Design argument in the creation of the universe as perfect has been debated by the natural scientists and advocates of evolutionary theory. It is argued in this perspective that the Intelligent Design theory conveys that God is cruel since He allows sufferings of lower forms of animals. The anatomy of the ferocious animals such as tigers, lions, and the like is basically designed to cause sufferings to other creatures. Thus, this implies that the God we know who created the universe is either evil or doesnt exist. In an article, Why Does God Allow Evil? written by Eric V. Snow , it was explained the basic reason why God allows evil to exist in this world based on the Christian perspective. The premise of the article is that God created man in his own image and with 100% free will. As Gods creation, man has to choose to be 100% righteous. It was based on the thesis coming from Genesis 1:26 which states that Then God said, Let Us make man in Our image, according to Our likeness; let them have dominion over the fish of the sea, over the birds of the air, and over the cattle, over all the earth and over every creeping thing that creeps on the earth. This is one of the basic arguments of the theist. This proposes a belief that God created man in his own image which has a righteous path. However, the goodness of man should be chosen because of free will. Being righteous is not an easy and immediate process. It has to be intended and calculated by man. Man must also know and will it. Moreover, the ar ticle argued that God created man with free will like himself. Without free will man would be nothing like God. Incidentally, total obedience to Gods laws is the only way to be righteous. Hence, pain and suffering are caused by mans free will as a result of bad motive, ignorance and miscalculated intentions. In connection, the article further explains that suffering would make man trust God. Pain is experienced so that faith in God would be attained. It was also the position of the article that mans knowledge is inadequate enough to understand why God allows evil. Man is not in the position to question the intention of God. Like Job, man has to believe and obey God without question. Since death is inevitable, we would be judged by God based on our actions in the material world. Hence, God allows evils in this world because of His benevolent intention for us whatever it may be. Free will is given to man in order for him to know and obey Gods laws. Pain and suffering are merely temporary tests in attaining the rightful path, as argued by the article (Snow). In another article, The Problem of Evil, by P.J. McHugh (2006), the same argument was put forward about the problem of evil. As stated by McHugh (2006), the common ground of all who believe why God allows evil to prosper in this world is the free-will defence. Man is a self-directing agent with a limited source of freedom that would make him responsible for his every decision. With freedom, man is free to choose between right and wrong as a moral agent. However, with free will it also recognized by McHugh (2006) that evil actions are unavoidable. Good cant be separated by bad actions. This is why man has to be careful in making decision because every decision has an accompanying good and evil consequences. Accordingly, the free-will defence is challenged by the idea that if free will is God-given and that it is the cause of evil actions, then it is logical to assume that God is also responsible for creating a creature that produces harm because of free will. The question still arises, why did God create a being that can do harm to the world? McHugh (2006) presented the Augustinian Theodicy in answering the above question. According to McHugh (2006), Augustine (354-430 A.D.) formulated explanations that influence the thoughts of the Christians for many centuries. One of the fundamental premises of the philosophical view of St. Augustine is that the universe is good because it was created by a good God with a good intention. Every creation has a good purpose in line with Gods good intention. Evil is a result of an on-going process of attaining good that is innate in all the things created. The universe is perfect and out of that perfection is the ultimate purpose of goodness. In short, evil is an intended consequence of taking the path of goodness which is divine. However, those who dont abide with the divine path imposed by God, would be punished as they would be judged at the end of human history. McHugh (2006) claims that the Augustinian theodicy seems to be removing the responsibility from God when it comes to evil act ions of man. The Augustinian theodicy further assumes that evil is the consequence of free will as misused by man. McHugh (2006) also presented criticisms of the said theodicy by St. Augustine. According to him, the universe that God created might have gone wrong. With all the evils in the world that we would observe, this universe might not have went to the things that God wanted it to be. It is either God committed a mistake of creating the universe or He did not really intend to make the universe perfect as assume by some Christians. The second criticism offered by McHugh (2006) is the one proposed by the scientific perspective about the evolution of mankind. As explained by the Augustinian point of view, man was created perfect and good. However, the scientific evidence would prove that man evolved from the lowest form of animals that can be argued as imperfect and hostile creatures. Primitive man has crude knowledge of morality and that hostility seemed to be his natural response to his environment. In the same argument, natural disasters and calamities existed long before man came into this world, as proposed by the evolutionary perspective. These natural phenomena certainly cause evils and sufferings. Consequently, if these phenomena already existed before man, then it is logical to assume that they were not caused by man. If they were not caused by mankind, then God was the one responsible for evil effects of such natural calamities. The third argument against the Augustinian theodicy is the existence of hell as a venue for those who will not abide by the law of God. The concept of hell is a punishment for those who will choose to do wrong. This concept is challenged because it only show how Gods justice works. Sinful acts are punishable according to St. Augustines argument that is why man is compelled to do good which is the main intention of God. If this is true, then majority of the human race might be tormented in hell since humanity now is characterized by immorality and sinful acts. Is this the justice that God wants man to realize? Whatever the answer to this question, it is certain that the concept of hell acquits of Gods purpose of punishing the disobedient. In a related article, The Problem of Evil, written by Vincent Cheung (2004), it discusses the problem and solution in the issue of the existence of evil. Cheung (2004) also recognizes that the basic problem of the Christian point of view about good and evil is that there is a God who is omnipotent and omnibenevolent. In this line of thinking, if God is all-powerful, then He has the ability to eradicate all the evils in the world. If God is a loving supreme being, then He would not allow evil to thrive that causes pain and suffering to mankind. What complicates the Christian perspective is the notion that God and evil are irreconcilable concepts. If God really exists then there is no evil, as argued by Cheung (2004). Accordingly, if evil exists, then there is no God who is ever loving. In case that God really exists and evil also prevails in this world, then the God that really exists is not an ever-loving supreme being. In this line of thought, the God that exists might be a being wh o loves suffering and pain because He allows evils to prevail. In short, it is a choice between God or evil. Cheung (2004) offered insightful analysis in reconciling they contradictions of God and evil. It was argued in his article that the flow of argument of the problem of evil cant be answered by the Christian perspective. The Christian point of view of God is illogical and cant be accepted because it has many flaws. If one has to take the route of the Christian perspective an all-powerful and all-loving God would not exist with the evil prevailing in this life. This is why in the article, Cheung presented a more logical argument that emanated from the fundamental premises of the Christian perspective. In a gist, Cheung (2004) argued that there is God who is all-powerful and all-loving. With Gods power, He is capable of eliminating suffering and pain. His benevolence would result to His intention of eradicating evils. Consequently, evil still exists because God a good purpose for it. With Gods power and goodness, He would eventually end all these sufferings and pains in life. The prevalence of evils doesnt mean that God doesnt exist. It merely implies that it would eventually be eliminated because God is good. Analysis and Conclusion With the surveyed articles presented above, this paper has formulated its own analysis to answer the quite controversial issue of the existence of evil. First and foremost, this paper proposes that there is God. If we would formulate a notion of God, it is always good and logical to assume that He is all-powerful and all-benevolent. It would be difficult and more painful to imagine that there is supreme being who exists for the sole purpose of punishing us. There is God because there is a creation. The cause and effect analysis of St. Thomas Aquinas is quite a convincing argument for this. It would be natural for a creator to produce something with no good intention. For instance, a sculptor would not create a work of art with bad intention on his/her mind creating it. It is innate to him/her to produce a beautiful and as much as possible perfect masterpiece. Of course, the actual product would not be as perfect as it is in his/her mind. However, this doesnt imply that the sculptor is evil. He may be innately good even if there is imperfection in his/her creation. Needless to say that this analogy also applies with the existence of a n all-loving and all-powerful God. There is a supreme creator who made man in his own image. As an all-powerful being, God couldnt interfere with the affairs of man because of free will. Free will has unintended consequences, that we call evils. Inasmuch as God wants to eradicate evils and harms in this world, His authority could have superseded by the power of free will which He gave to man as a sign of love. Through free will, man make choices so as not being controlled by God. If free will doesnt exist, man is like a puppet that is being controlled by a puppet master. Subsequently, since God loves man, He took his control out of mans life. In connection, free will doesnt mean doing evil. It is a powerful instrument of choosing the right path. With it, man should take the right path. Although evils seem to reign in life, they could be viewed as temporary. It is logical to assume life is meaningless if we are just expecting bad things to happen. We might have to annihilate humanity if that would be true. However, it is the position of this paper that every choice that we make has an accompanying equally balanced results that may good or evil. There are no options that have purely good or bad consequences. In other words, there is no situation in this world that would only produce an unpleasant result because that would mean complete annihilation of everything. The result would come from a balance of good and evil actions. Now, when it comes to the nature of things in the lower form of animals, harm really exists. It is the normal flow of things that other creatures to subdue other species. It is part of the grand design. It is a design that can only be sustained if man would not interfere in it. It would be valid to assume that mans interference with nature has caused destruction to the planet. This is because the natural laws are perfect. It has all the necessary functions for the planet to survive. Typhoons, earthquakes, and the like are natural occurrences that are caused by the overproduction and overconsumption of man through the utilization of the environments resources. The natural inclinations of the lower forms of animal are also necessary for the survival of each and their own species and for the emergence of the new species. These phenomena are all beneficial to the existence of the planet. Man seems to be the unnecessary component in sustaining the equilibrium of the planet if free will would not be used properly. It is certainly true that man is capable of moral actions. Mans actions may interfere or not with the natural flow of things in nature. However, as mentioned earlier, there are actions that are good-producing. These actions may contribute to the well being of the planet if man would only realize the power of free will. In contrast, evils caused by man are unintended consequences of the free will given by God. This is why free will is coupled with superior intellect. Man is guided by free will and a superior intellect for him to do good and avoid harm to others. The superior intellect is here to compensate with mans free will. There are no absolute standards of good and evil. It has to depend on the ability of man to evaluate a particular situation. It can be judged based on the motive, actual behavior and the consequences of the action. In short, actions should be based on the use of the ability of man to calculate, rationalize and good intention. Man has to plan his actions with the intention of doing good. In relation to theodicy, it is the position of this paper that there is God but He doesnt want evils to happen. Evils can be speculated as a result of unintended consequences of free will and superior intellect of man. With regards to the Defense argument, it is more valid to claim that evils dont have to be equated with the non-existence of God. The problem of evils doesnt depend on whether there is God or not. It is a necessary result of the free will, miscalculation or ignorance of man. Definitely, there are choices to be made in life. The best choice is coming from many choices with the use of the intellect and free will. Evils would arise because of irrationality, lack of planning, miscalculation or ignorance. Equating evil with the non-existence of God is like blaming God for mans mistakes. In this line of thinking, man is removing himself from accountability that makes God his scapegoat. Finally, it is the position of this paper that part of the theodicy argument is valid more particularly the argument that God exists but he has no intention of bringing harm to this universe. Evils, as emphasized above, are unintended consequences brought about by mans ignorance, miscalculation and bad intention. It is also the point of this paper that it is illogical to accept the Defence argument since the existence of evil cant be equated with the denial of God. Of course, it would be noted that this paper doesnt assume that it provided all the absolute answers nor it has figured all out the problem of evil. The problem of evil is quite complicated issue that it cant be discussed easily in a single paper. The analysis of this paper has been deduced from several articles and from the finite capacity of the writer. Message from client: Can I have a rewrite? None of my sources were used and they need to be in the paper. Please just use the sources I provide in the rewrite and no other sources. Thank you.