Business assignment 2 Nader Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Business task 2 Nader - Essay Example ution of the organizations interior assets between all the angles, to such an extent that the firm can pick up cost efficiencies just as serious edge against its rivals. The 4 stage chain of the board extensively sums up the indispensable undertakings that must be performed by an administrator. They are arranging, sorting out, driving and controlling. Arranging is the visionary conversations on how factors must be dispersed, and how a specific undertaking will be done on schedule. This is only the pen and paper period of the administration, where the director is enthusiastic about making an arrangement which is as fresh as could reasonably be expected, and which can be alluded to upon as the task proceeds onward. Getting sorted out is the dispersion of the assets among the different offices, different groups, different item divisions and so on so every element can begin functioning according to the arrangement that was made in the primary stage. (Dale, 1969) Then comes the third phas e of administration, where the administrator needs to play out the jobs of the pioneer by persuading his staff to accomplish the arrangement that was made by sorting out the assets allotted to them in the most ideal way. What's more, ultimately, is the phase of controlling, where the director needs to guarantee that the assets are not being abused, that the errands and obligations being allocated to people are being satisfied, and that the arrangement is going as indicated by what had been settled on. This last stage is really a check and equalization stage, which is significant and encourages them do any type of remedial activities that may be required. Administration is the persuasive force that one holds to spur, support and move a group to perform better than they generally would and somebody who makes a dream and afterward consistently imparts it to his subordinates, likewise overwhelmingly attempting to expand the energy level of individual workers for the achievement of that vision. A pioneer is somebody who is twisted after offering his vision to every one of his subordinates, with the goal that an aggregate exertion is applied upon

The Spread Of Hellenism History Essay

The Spread Of Hellenism History Essay The Hellenistic Period dates between Alexander the Greats passing, in 323 BC, to the Roman extension of Egypt in 30 BC. Around then, Greek force and culture spread out to the world. Hellenism came about because of triumphs by Alexander the Great. Between 334 BC and 323 BC, Alexander had figured out how to assume control over the whole Persian Empire and to cut down its ruler, King Darius III. Alexanders realm secured portions of Europe, Africa and Asia. It included Egypt, Assyria, Asia Minor, Mesopotamia, Levant, Persia, Media and parts of present day Pakistan and Afghanistan (Heckel, 2008). While Hellenism was the aftereffect of Alexanders successes, it took off after his demise in 323 BC. This paper talks about the beginnings and spread of Hellenism. Alexander was a child to Phillip II of Macedon. At the point when his dad kicked the bucket, Alexander combat with Greek city States against Macedon. He acquired his dads job as preeminent administrator. After he had figured out how to unite Grecian City States, he re-propelled the war his dad had started against Persia. Alexander and his powers handily moved over anything that remained in western Persia. He vanquished all territories towards the east of the Euphrates. Darius accumulated his soldiers in a last endeavor to recover his domain, and the two met at the Gaugamela plain (Stoneman, 2004). Heckel (2008) portrays that after effectively crossing both the Euphrates and Tigris waterways, Alexander encountered Darius troops. Their fight appeared to be very nearly an impasse, yet Darius had the upside of numbers. Whenever Alexander found an opportunity, they assaulted Darius and he fled. Most Persians surrendered and Darius was murdered by his own men. Alexander at that point turned into the ruler of Macedonia, Persia and Greece. He was not fulfilled and set out toward India yet his powers can't and he returned wanting to proceed with his successes later on, however he experienced Malaria and passed on presently. Alexanders administrators vied for control of the realm and in the long run separated it into three sections; Greece/Macedonia, Pergamum/Asia Minor, West Asia and Egypt. This denoted the finish of Alexanders Era and the start of the Hellenistic Age. In the Hellenistic occasions, the Macedonians didn't just control the region. They additionally started a functioning exportation of Greek culture. Greek writing, legislative issues, craftsmanship writing and law discovered their way into Asia, Africa and Europe. The exportation of culture in such a scale was another wonder at that point. It prompted a solid impact of Greek culture on others that later developed in these territories. Greek culture had a job in forming Islam, Christian, Roman and Jewish societies. All through the new realm, Hellenization happened. Where Greek workmanship and engineering was presented, the Greek lifestyle and language were likewise received. The impact secured a huge region that reached out from Greece to India then Mongolia and further to states past the Oecumenas wildernesses (Spielvogel, 2007). As per Stoneman (2004), Greek culture and language spread as Alexanders armed forces advanced. The Romans on their part took up a lot of Greek culture. They safeguarded and spread it to different territories of the world. At the point when Rome fell, Greek culture was kept and returned to during the Byzantine Empire years. It was likewise spread into the Arab world and transmitted toward the West during the Renaissance. Old Greece in this manner affected on an assortment of subjects for example logical medication, science, writing, verse, language and theater. Design, legislative issues, history and reasoning in essentially all aspects of the world increased a Greek trademark and names, for example, Hippocrates, Herodotus, Plato and Aristotle had new significance. The new confirmation of the Christian book of scriptures was meant Greek. Herodotus came to be considered just like the dad of history. The ideas of vote based system and reasoning were identified with researchers, for exam ple, Plato and logical hypothesis was connected to Greek researchers. After Alexander passed on, the Hellenism time began completely. During the time, the known pieces of the world acknowledged and received Grecian goals and culture. Urban communities that were set up by Alexander turned into the focuses of exchange, government and culture. Greeks presented their theaters, sanctuaries and schools, because of which Greek culture was handily sent out. As it were, a significant part of the world grasped Greek culture and the Greek language took up another universal status. Expressions and training were established on old style Greek beliefs. They were accordingly portrayed by thoughts of figures, for example, Aristotle. With Hellenization, there was additionally a profound upset and change in strict perspectives. With time, there was a decrease in the impact of Greek divine beings. This was supplanted by a solid impact from Eastern religion which prompted the advancement of the faction of Isis (Spielvogel, 2007). Stoneman (2004) clarifies that while Alexanders realm had extended quick, its death was considerably quicker. His demise was inopportune, leaving no plans for his progression. He along these lines left the realm in disturbance. Hellenisms complete decrease began as from 146 BC. In this year, Romans vanquished a huge piece of territory Greece. It removed the whole antiquated Macedon and denoted the start of the Roman Empire. By 30 BC, even the Egyptian side of the Hellenistic realm had been taken over by Rome. This denoted the finish of Hellenistic human advancement. All in all, the passing of Alexander the extraordinary denoted a defining moment in world human advancement. His aspiration for power prompted the formation of an enormous realm that went through three mainlands. As the victories happened, Greek culture was transmitted to the regions. After his demise, the Hellenistic time frame began vigorously. For all intents and purposes each part of Greek culture was sent out and picked up conspicuousness as far as impact. Ensuing recorded periods were described by Greek parts of culture, both in ancient rarities and scholarly commitments.

Happy Things

Happy Things This is what MIT felt like when I first arrived: Sunny, warm, people playing Frisbee on Kresge Oval. Spring seems to have arrived at last, though this isnt the first time this year weve had nice days on and off for awhile now. Ive learned not to trust Boston weather, itll probably snow tomorrow or something. At least we havent gotten any earthquakes though. I always miss all the good stuff in the Midwest last year while I was on exchange, like all of Illinois got multiple snow days! Dang. For now, though, its byooootiful. The kind of weather Id like to ride my bike in (not that any weather really stops me from riding my bike. Though Ive never tried in an earthquake) if my bike hadnt gotten stolen. Oh yeah, so you know those lists youve been writing compulsively about What To Bring To MIT Next Fall? If youre planning on having a bike, make sure to bring a good bike lock. Maybe four. I dont actually know if its been stolen I have a tendency toforget where I leave things. Like my MIT ID. Havent seen it since before CPW. Im going to assume my prefrosh didnt take it because she seemed pretty cool, and just hope I find it laying around my stuff sometime. Anyway, I dont know where I left my bike, but I havent seen it in any of the normal places I go, so I think it might have gotten stolen. This would be more sad if I werent getting my new bike for Bike and Build (which you havent donated to yet) soon. Weee, summer! Anyway, I know last weekend was supposed to be the weekend to end all weekends or something because it was CPW, but actually, this weekend is the one Ive been looking forward to all year. Besides having Monday AND Tuesday off, this weekend at MIT there are two really cool really cool things going on: 1. the Global Poverty Initiative Conference. Oh man, nothing gets me excited like poverty. I mean. Solving poverty. Yeah. So this conference lots of people at MIT this year have spent countless hours planning this thing its the first time ever that its happening. There are over 1,400 people (yeah, thats more than there were at CPW) from about 280 different schools and organizations. Theyve invited lots of really cool speakers like John Edwards, Paul Farmer (OMG), John Legend, the main singer from Dispatch, our own Amy Smith, Jeffrey Sachs (another OMG), Augustine Mahiga, and a load of other really inspiring people to speak (I mean, they MUST be cool, they all have wikipedia pages!), and theyre also holding Action workshops such as Starting Projects for Global Change and Overcoming Barriers in Project Delivery. Basically, its just a whole weekend of AWESOME. Im sooo excited. They also have a really cool website where you can see the program for the whole weekend. 2. APDA Nationals are being hosted here by the MIT Debate Team (http://web.mit.edu/debate/www/). I was really into speech team back in high school and I still really love seeing guys dress up and suits and ties and give persuasive speeches ;), and since I participated in a few tournaments first semester, Im helping out with generally making sure people dont get lost and stuff. Also, Ill be spending a lot of time at one of the coolest places ever, tEp, this weekend, partially because theyre having a party called Yeast Roast, which is exactly what is sounds like, and partially because I like going there whether theyre baking crazy amounts of bread or not. tEp is one of my favorite places ever but Ive been too busy lately to really go, so Im excited for that as well. And tonight (in about five minutes, in fact) Im going to dinner with DUSP, as kind of an informational-welcome to the department type thing, because I finally got to declare course 11 last week! EDIT: So on my way back home from eating dinner with DUSP I was so full that I decided to go to tep instead of going home, thinking Id spend a calm evening here catching up on blogging, email, etc. Then the fire alarm went off due to umcooking..Hah. So much for relaxing evening.

Booker Taliaferro Washington Helped African Americans Gain...

As humans our species has a requirement for knowledge and we are a deeply curious in nature. This is how we have evolved and throughout time with new inventions and new ideals our primitive instincts changed some say for better and others say for the worst. Booker Taliaferro Washington helped African Americans gain the knowledge of literacy that was so long forbidden. Born to a cook for plantation and an ambiguous white man on April 5, 1856, he was just another face among a sea of discriminated,miserable, and oppressed people. Growing up in the Kanawha Valley of West Virginia, in most states prior to the Civil War, the child of a slave was born a slave. Although times were hard whether it was living in the small quarters with his sister, brother, and mother, hearing stories of his ancestors and the torture they endured, or not knowing or being able to console in his father. Washington found his comfort and peace through knowledge. He first discovered education after peeping throu gh the window of a school house near a plantation where he toted 100 pounds of cotton each day. From that moment he knew his calling and wanted to do what children in the school house were doing, but due to the fact it was illegal to teach slaves to read and write. He had to go out and get it on his own. After the Civil War, Booker and his mother moved to Malden, West Virginia, where she married freeman Washington Ferguson. Sacrifices had to made being that his family was free but very poor,

Theme Of Memento - 842 Words

Christopher Nolan’s neo noir thriller film, Memento (2000), follows the life of the protagonist, Leonard Shelby, as he searches for the person who murdered his wife, whilst dealing with anterograde amnesia, forcing him to use â€Å"memento’s† to retain new memories. Through the employment of mise-en-scà ¨ne and sound design, the central theme of ‘the pursuit of vengeance’ could be conveyed. Additionally, the theme ‘the fragility of memory’, is illustrated to the viewer through cinematography and editing. These techniques and themes are most evident in the dramatic final sequence in the film, specifically when Leonard finally gets revenge and Teddy unveils the truth about John G to him. Through Nolan’s utilisation of props and costumes, Memento†¦show more content†¦This exemplifies that he no longer trusts his own memory and has begun to accept the horrifying truth presented to him by Teddy. Nolan’s application of close-up shots illuminates Leonard’s facial expression as he recognises the unreliability of his own memory when Teddy confronts him with the truth about his wife. Through Nolan’s application of editing, such as flashbacks, in Memento, the story of Sammy Jankis can be linked back to Leonard’s past as well as the central theme of the fragility and unreliability of memory. Leonard’s unreliable memory is clearly conveyed as the sequence rhythmically displays scenes showing that the protagonist’s wife survived the assault, which is evident as she removes the shower curtain from her head in a flashback. This indicates the unreliability of Leonard’s memory and the devastating result of ‘Conditioning [himself] to remember, learning through repetition’. Nolan’s employment of flashbacks within the sequence expresses Leonards desperate attempt to escape guilt through the fragility of his memory. This is exemplified in the flashback when Leonard’s memory of pinching his wife adjusts to him injecting insulin into her. Nolan’s utilisation of editing illustrates the fragility and unreliabi lity of Leonard’s memory, specifically when he learns that heShow MoreRelatedChristopher Nol An American Film Director, Screenwriter, And Producer And Auteur.847 Words   |  4 Pagesinternational film festival.Common themes and actors can be seen throughout Christopher Nolan’s films,he is also famous at narrating the movie in a non linear way.In the next paragraph im going to discuss why would i consider him as one of the best modern times auteur. One of the qualification of being an auteur according to French New Wave film director and film critic Francois Truffaut is that a good director exerts such a distinctive style or promotes such a consistent theme that his or her influenceRead MoreAnalysis Of The Film The Great Gatsby 1376 Words   |  6 PagesThe role color plays I also appreciated the way colors are used in each film. The color symbolism is sometimes used similarly and sometimes used differently. In Memento, the film uses flashbacks of either color or black white scenes to illustrate the difference between current actions, and the previous events that build up or lead to those events or actions. These choices in color also reveal the chronological order of the film, and in that way two versions of the story are conveyed. 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As an unusual crime film, it uses unconventional non-linear narrative structure to tell a story that a man with a unique type of amnesia investigate his wife’s murder. However, if we watch carefully, we would find Memento involves the real social cultural background. Memento was released in 2000 when was the beginning to enter the 21st century. It was the time that technology was developing intoRead MoreThe Watch By Frances Cornford1201 Words   |  5 Pagesreader. Cornford, a granddaughter of Charles Darwin, was not a particularly popular poet. However, in â€Å"The Watch†, she manages to convey a powerful message to the reader, and demonstrates her poetic skill in stride. The theme of this intriguing poem appears to simply be ‘Memento mori’, a reminder to the reader that death is inevitable and inescapable. Cornford conveys this message to the reader using an arsenal of literary devices, most notably the mood, tone, symbolism, and epizeuxis. The firstRead MoreChristopher Nolan As An Auteur2860 Words   |  12 Pagesaudience engaged and left to interpret the ending for themselves; another trademark Nolan theme which sets him apart from others in film. Nolan also has a very distinctive style in regards to his cinematography. Alongside this, Nolan’s attention to cinematic technology and the impact it has on his cinematography sets him apart from other filmmakers. The two Nolan films primarily used for examples will be Memento and The Dark Knight. Christopher Nolan’s Films, despite their seemingly different naturesRead MoreAnalysis Of Christopher Nolan s The Dark Knight Trilogy 963 Words   |  4 Pagesmain hero is always troubled or lost in a way. To me, he does that in all three of the films, so that we can see the hero overcome what’s troubled him or her. Plus, they all kind of have a thirst for revenge. In other words, that is basically his theme in all of the films he had done. A perfect example is Batman Begins. When Bruce wanted to kill the man who killed his parents, but when Rachel, his childhood friend, slaps him and told Bruce that your father would be ashamed of you. After the man wasRead MoreThe French New Wave Cinema1905 Words   |  8 Pagesthe French New Wave period can still be seen in modern cinema, with some films uses them more than others. Two films that more obviously been influenced by the era are Quentin Tarantino s 1992 film Reservoir Dogs and Christopher Nolan’s 2000 film Memento. These films exude many traits and styles synonymous with French New Wave cinema such as jump cuts and non-continuity editing, a low budget, anti-heroic main characters, as well as others. French New Wave was a cinematic movement that was active

Vegan vs Vegetarian Free Essays

Vegan And Vegetarian Being a vegan in many ways could help the world from suffering the hunger and many more issue such as the global warming, because veganism ideology doesn’t to use even an animal product and not to eat all kind of meat. But sometimes, a vegan mostly becomes an activist of the animal rights, and even worse a vegan sometimes can become very fanatic, for example some of them won’t come to movies which contain an animal in the play, because they know that the animal was being pushed to do the exact scenario. While being a vegetarian is consuming non-meat food, but still can consume any dairy product, such as milks and eggs. We will write a custom essay sample on Vegan vs Vegetarian or any similar topic only for you Order Now And being a vegetarian is only a belief for some people who usually become a vegetarian for some primary target, sometimes it could be to be healthy or for diets only, because based on the research, being a vegetarian is the healthiest diets ever after being a vegan which is healthier. Since being a vegan is more difficult than being a vegetarian, and then I myself assume that most of vegan people must be started from being a vegetarian. So being a vegan is a higher class above a vegetarian, it’s like being a vegan is taking a next step from being a vegetarian, but still there are many people who does be a vegan immediately, means they don’t start from being a vegetarian. In addition, if every people in the world is being vegans, then the world would never suffering the hunger and the stocks of the food can be multiplied by 3, because the food that we used to raised dairy animal isn’t equal to the result of the meat. How to cite Vegan vs Vegetarian, Essay examples

Why Did The South Lose The Civil War Essay Example For Students

Why Did The South Lose The Civil War Essay Albert Gallatin Brown, U.S. Senator from Mississippi, speaking with regard to the several filibuster expeditions to Central America: I want Cuba . . . I want Tamaulipas, Potosi, and one or two other Mexican States; and I want them all for the same reason for the planting and spreading of slavery. Battle Cry of Freedom, p. 106. Richmond Enquirer, 1856: Democratic liberty exists solely because we have slaves . . . freedom is not possible without slavery. Lawrence Keitt, Congressman from South Carolina, in a speech to the House on January 25, 1860: African slavery is the corner-stone of the industrial, social, and political fabric of the South; and whatever wars against it, wars against her very existence. Strike down the institution of African slavery and you reduce the South to depopulation and barbarism. Later in the same speech he said, The anti-slavery party contend that slavery is wrong in itself, and the Government is a consolidated national democracy. We of the South contend that slavery is right, and that this is a confederate Republic of sovereign States. Taken from a photocopy of the Congressional Globe supplied by Steve Miller. We will write a custom essay on Why Did The South Lose The Civil War specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now Methodist Rev. John T. Wightman, preaching at Yorkville, South Carolina: The triumphs of Christianity rest this very hour upon slavery; and slavery depends on the triumphs of the South . . . This war is the servant of slavery. The Glory of God, the Defence of the South (1861), cited in Eugene Genoveses Consuming Fire (1998).Alexander Stephens, Vice-President of the Confederacy, referring to the Confederate government: Its foundations are laid, its cornerstone rests, upon the great truth that the negro is not equal to the white man; that slavery . . . is his natural and normal condition. Augusta, Georgia, Daily Constitutionalist, March 30, 1861.Alfred P. Aldrich, South Carolina legislator from Barnwell: If the Republican party with its platform of principles, the main feature of which is the abolition of slavery and, therefore, the destruction of the South, carries the country at the next Presidential election, shall we remain in the Union, or form a separate Confederacy? This is the great, grave issue. It is not who shall be President, it is not which party shall rule it is a question of political and social existence. Steven Channing, Crisis of Fear, pp. 141-142.Political divisionsAmerica was thus divided by economic structure, and was led into fratricidal warfare by a series of political clashes. The most common cause was the future of the West. The crises over Californias admission in 1850 and over Kansas–Nebraska in 1854 were typical of the divergent economic interests of North and South in relation to the West. The North wanted free land for independent labour in the same new territories where the South sought to perpetuate its traditional way of life by extending slavery. The issue was not the slavery already practised, but the prospect of its extension into the West. Only in the Southern states of the USA did slavery persist as a major, if not essential, component of the economy – providing the labour force for the cotton and other plantations. While the Northern states abolished slavery in the 1787–1804 period, the Southern states insisted on protecting the institution. Slavery became an issue in the economic struggles between Southern plantation owners and Northern industrialists in the first half of the 19th century, a struggle that culminated in the American Civil War. Despite the common perception to the contrary, the war was not fought primarily on the slavery issue. Abraham Lincoln, however, saw the political advantages of promising freedom for Southern slaves, and the Emancipation Proclamation was enacted in 1863. This was reinforced after the war by the 13th, 14th, and 15th amendments to the US constitution (1865, 1868, and 1870), which abolished slavery altogether and guaranteed citizenship and civil rights to former slaves. Apart from the moral issues, there has also been a good deal of debate on the economic efficiency of slavery as a system of production in the USA. It has been argued that plantation owners might have been better off employing labour, although the effect of emancipating vast numbers of slaves could, and did, have enormous political and social repercussions in the Reconstruction period following

The Demise of the essays

The Demise of the essays (NEXT SLIDE) The 1950 ¡s saw the rise of the  ¡traditional ¡ nuclear family, illustrated in television shows like  ¡Ozzie and Harriet ¡ and  ¡Leave it to Beaver ¡. These families redefined society ¡s notions of the household and led to the mistaken view that the 'nuclear family ¡ is the norm. Today many people cling to that view, despite the fact that other varieties of families have risen, like the proverbial phoenix, from the ashes of the Nuclear family. Raise your hand if you currently live with both your biological father and mother. Now leave your hand up if your father is the main breadwinner and your mother the homemaker of the family. You chosen few, whose hands I still see have made your home in the 1950 ¡s institution known as the 'Nuclear Family ¡. Looking around you could be forgiven for thinking that the Nuclear Family was alive and flourishing, but you ¡d be wrong. I am here today to tell you that the 1950 ¡s Nuclear Family in Australia is suff ering a meltdown and is irrelevant to today ¡s society,(PAUSE) however this should not have a detrimental effect on child rearing in Australia. (NEXT SLIDE) The family is perhaps the most important tool for social change, typified by a well-known Confucius saying  ¡The strength of a nation derives from the integrity of the home ¡ (quotegallery.com/asp/apquotes.asp?parent=Family&author=Confucius.) The 1950 ¡s Nuclear Family was a reflection of the social climate of that time. After the hardships of the Great Depression and World War Two, families were eager to embrace a new style of family life. The Mum, Dad and the Kids family found favour in a group of society wishing to escape a time where they were forced to rely on their extended family. This new style of family life shunned the extended families and saw a significant increase in nursing homes as a place to put meddlesome old grandparents. It provided a rock on which children could anchor th...

Using zeitgeist Coherently

Using zeitgeist Coherently Using zeitgeist Coherently Using zeitgeist Coherently By Maeve Maddox Zeitgeist is one of those lovely German borrowings that packs into a single word a thought that would require several in English. Zeitgeist: [tsÄ «tgÄ «st, zÄ «tgÄ «st] n. The spirit or genius which marks the thought or feeling of a period or age. NOTE: In German, all nouns are capitalized. The OED capitalizes Zeitgeist; Merriam-Webster does not. German Zeit means time and Geist is cognate with our word ghost, which doesnt only mean the spirit of a person who has died, but can also mean an informing spirit, as in the term the Holy Ghost. Coined by Matthew Arnold in the 19th century to put a name on the spirit of social change and uncertainty that characterized the Victorian Age, zeitgeist has crept into the popular vocabulary where it is flung about without much thought as to what it means. A special interest group and Google have co-opted the word to special uses. Zeitgeist is the name attached to a movement launched by a group of social reformers who wish to reallocate world resources under a global government. Google has a statistics function called Zeitgeist that aggregates how often particular topics are searched over time. In the web context, a zeitgeist is an idea or image that is iconic of a particular moment. Some writers use it as a mere synonym for trend, or fad. Some plant it in the (usually) redundant phrase zeitgeist of the moment. Others, perhaps wishing to create a phrase on the model of Oprahs aha moment, talk about a zeitgeist moment. Here are some examples of the questionable use of zeitgeist: If it’s true that a taste for simple rustic dishes is emerging as the culinary zeitgeist of the moment, Trattoria San Pietro is likely to become even more popular than it already is. The Zeitgeist is getting all sticky. (Headline for an article about a trend to use use bees in the production of artwork.) Favorite Zeitgeist Moments (forum thread in which a zeitgeist moment is defined as Just little moments in any song that really grab your attention, even if you dont like the rest of the song its in.) The scoreboard flashed 715, fireworks erupted, the fans celebrated. Braves radio announcer Milo Hamilton famously captured the zeitgeist of the moment†¦ (Hank Aaron hitting his 715th home run)†¨ The only time it might make sense to talk about the zeitgeist of the moment would be in comparing the present age to a previous one, as Stephen Jay Gould does in The Structure of Evolutionary Theory: By contrast, the common themes behind the reformulations defended in this book all follow froma set of integrated approaches that strongly contribute to the Zeitgeist of our moment. Gould is clearly thinking of two Zeitgeists, Darwins and ours: Whatever the contribution of a Victorian Zeitgeist to Darwins thinking, or of a contemporary Zeitgeist to our revisions, the differences are testable Some popular writers do use zeitgeist in the sense of views associated with a particular period of time. Heres a reviewer of romance novels: I’m not sure why there’s this unwillingness to go along with the zeitgeist of the time in which the book was written, but instead to apply today’s standards of fashion or technology or pop culture as markers of timelessness. Stanislav Grof, writing about the biomechanical set designs of H. R. Giger, observes that the zeitgeist of the twentieth century is characterized by staggering technological progress that enslaved modern humanity in an internecine symbiosis with the world of machines. For Matthew Arnold, the 19th century author to whom we owe the term, the zeitgeist is much more than the prevailing world view at a given time in history. Its a force that influences events. A dehumanizing zeitgeist is something to be resisted. The OED gives this illustration of Arnolds first use of the word: I..took up Obermann, and refuged myself with him..against your Zeit Geist. Obermann was a book by French author Etienne Pivert de Senancour (1770-1846). Senancour disliked the trappings of civilization and sought tranquility in nature. Obermann is full of descriptions of Nature and praise of solitude. The quotation in the OED reference is from a letter to Arnolds friend Arthur Clough, who had written a poem that Arnold felt reflected the Victorian zeitgeist. In reading Obermann, Arnold was seeking refuge from a zeitgeist from which he felt alienated. To talk about a sports zeitgeist or a culinary zeitgeist, or a fashion zeitgeist when all one means is trend, is to waste a high-powered word. Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Misused Words category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:Definitely use "the" or "a"Used To vs. Use To15 Names and Descriptions of Effects

The International Coffee Industry Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

The International Coffee Industry - Essay Example In specific reference to the coffee industry, the profit motive of corporations only worsens the conditions of poor coffee farmers who are not compensated in proportion to their hard labor. According to Thomas Friedman, globalization is the â€Å"inexorable integration of markets, nation-states, and technologies†¦..the spread of free-market capitalism to virtually every country in the world.† (Friedman, 2000: 7-8). In reference to the international trade facilitated by globalization and the diffusion of geographical boundaries, Mittelman refers to globalization as a historical transformation - â€Å"a political response to the expansion of market power† resulting in a transformation â€Å"in the economy, of livelihoods and modes of existence† (Mittelman, 2000: 6). McMichael also corroborates this market-oriented view, seeing the process of global integration taking place on the basis of â€Å"market rule on a global scale†(McMichael, 2000:149). The be lief in the beneficial effects of free trade that exists today is largely a function of the theory of comparative advantage that underlies the Ricardian model of international trade (Henderson, 1993:827). Comparative advantage is the ability possessed by a particular country to produce a particular good at a lower cost relative to other goods and as compared to other countries that produce the same good. Therefore, comparative advantage possessed in one area of production indicates that the country has some favorable factors working on its behalf or has perfected specialized techniques in the production of that good, so that it is able to produce it more efficiently (Mankiw, 2007: 52). According to Porter (1996:64), â€Å"Competitive strategy is about being different.†Ã‚  

Golden Rule, The Mischief Rule and The Literal Rule of Statutory Essay

Golden Rule, The Mischief Rule and The Literal Rule of Statutory Interpretation - Essay Example An example where Golden Rule was applied was the Sigsworth, Re, Bedford vs Bedford. In this case, a son has murdered his mother who was yet to make a will. Under the Section 46 of the Administration of Estates Act 1925, there should be inheritor and in this case, the son was the sole issue, therefore, he should have inherited the mother’s property. However, the judge ruled under the golden rule and the son did not receive the inheritance. This is because it would have been illogical to give the inheritance to the son as he murdered his mother and would have been benefited by committing a crime. Mischief Rule Mischief Rule of statutory interpretation gives authority to the judge to contain the mischief in the crime and apply it in instances where there occurs an ambiguity in the law. Thus this rule aims to understand the mischief and also to lay down a solution which would correct the situation if implemented. A popular case that came under the Mischief rule was Smith vs. Hughe s. In this case, prostitutes were charged for recruiting clients from a public place while within the confines of a private area, which were the windows that overlooked the street. Under the Street Offences Act of 1959, it is illegal to attract clients with the intention of offering sex services on streets. The defendants pleaded that they had not attracted clients on the streets but were within their own homes. However, the judge found them guilty since the prostitutes had mischief on their mind and were, in fact, taking clients from the streets. Literal Rule Literal Rule as the name suggests allows the judge to give out a ruling by taking into account the literal meaning of the word since they do not affect the ruling of the case. The judge, in this case, does not have to consider the meaning or the implications behind words or sentences such as in the case of the previous laws. This is usually the most preferred rule of statutory interpretation. An example of this is the R Vs Har ris case under which the defendant harmed the victim by biting his nose. Since the law considers stabbing, cutting or wounding a person through an instrument as a crime, therefore the defendant was acquitted since he did not commit the crime in the literal sense. Application In normal circumstances, the literal rule is first applied before considering any other approach. When a different approach is taken, a significant reason should be presented as to why the Golden or the Mischief rule had been applied. ‘After 45 years in litigation, I have seen so much money spent, stress caused and delay encountered. Reaching settlement at the door of the court is entirely unsatisfactory’. Sir Henry Brooke in ‘Mediation; Lawyers still need convincing’, Law Gazette (18th September 2008). Â  Alternative Dispute Resolution (ADR) ADR is an acronym for Alternative Dispute Resolution. Under ADR, the dispute is resolved by allowing the conflicting parties to come to an agreem ent without having to go through the process of filing a case against the defendant. In this system, the dispute is resolved with or without the presence of a third party.

HSBC Formerly Named The Hong Kong Banking Marketing Essay

HSBC Formerly Named The Hong Kong Banking Marketing Essay 1. Introduction HSBC formerly named the Hong Kong and Shanghai Banking Corporation Limited was established 1865. With assets of US $1,502 billion, HSBCs international network comprises over 9,500 offices in 76 countries and territories in Europe, the Asia-Pacific region, the America, the Middle East and Africa. This paper examines HSBCs International Business Strategy with particular emphasis on North America and the US. Firstly, the relevant literature on International Business is reviewed and a comparison between the literature and HSBC is presented. Secondly, HSBCs business environment is looked at; analysing such factors as industry competitiveness. Next, HSBCs International business strategy is critically evaluated and finally, a conclusion along with recommendations is provided. 2. Literature Review The rapid globalization of business in the last two decades has prompted an increasing number of firms to develop strategies to enter and expand into markets outside their locations (Osland et al. 2001:153). Reliability on solely domestic markets is therefore a reliable source for competitive advantage (Rugman Collinson, 2006). Firms must therefore develop strategies of Internationalisation in overseas markets. According to Johanson and Wiedersheim-Paul (1975:306) the term international refers to the activities implemented abroad or attitude of the firm towards foreign activities. Relevant studies on the banking industry and HSBC will be examined below. According to Hoskisson et al., 2000; strategies are moderated by the characteristics of the particular context in which firms operate. In particular, institutions-the rules of the game-in the host economy also shape firm strategies such as foreign market entry (Peng, 2003; Wright et al., 2005). In a broad sense, macro-level institutions affect transaction costs (North, 1990). However, traditional transaction costs research (exemplified by Williamson, 1985) focuses on micro-analytical aspects such as opportunism and bounded rationality. This consequently raises questions on macro-level institutions, such as country-level legal and regulatory frameworks, influence transaction costs have been relatively unexplored, remaining largely as background. However, a new movement in research posits that institutions are far more than ancillary elements, and that institutions directly influence what resources a firm has at its disposal as it strives to develop and launch strategy. An analysis of theory developed specifically out of changes to global markets shows little development of the standard theories of market segmentation, differentiated pricing and appropriate distribution channels which underpinned local and domestic marketing theory. However, the literature over the past five years has shown a particular set of theoretical models specific to global marketing. Hollensen (2007) discusses the Uppsala International Model demonstrating a sequential pattern of entry into international markets with an increasing commitment to overseas markets as the international experience of the firm grows (Johanson and Vahlne, 1977). Hollensen (2007) contrasts this with a traditional approach of what is termed as the Penrosian tradition which is based on economy of scale and a cost-led approach working from the firms core competencies. Dunning (1998) suggests a similar Ownership-Location-internalisation (OLI) framework identifying an ownership advantage of establishing overseas production facilities, a locational advantage which builds a logistics network around the overseas production and, finally, an internalisation advantage where it must be economical for a firm to utilise the previous two advantages rather than sell them to a foreign firm (Hollensen 2007). Similarly, the standardisation-localisation model focuses on specific choices related to internatio nal market entry and the identification of risk mitigation factors salient to international marketing. Baker, M (1993) recognises the risk mitigation inherent in internationalisation, protecting the firm from adverse fluctuations in the national economic cycle. Hollensen (2007) concurs, outlining the ownership, operating and transfer risk in being attached purely to domestic markets. All of the literature is strong on identifying the risks of domestic-based marketing; however there is scant coverage of the specific risks of internationalisation. 2.1 The Strategy of International Business Firms operating in the global marketplace are required to balance concerns for globalisation (economic integration) with national responsiveness (Rugman Collinson, 2006). Globalisation is defined by Rugman Collinson (2006:454) as the production and distribution of products and services of a homogenous type and quality on a worldwide basis. National responsiveness is defined by Rugman Collinson (2006) as the ability to understand different customer requirements in different countries and responding to those local demands by providing the required products and services. Globalisation strategy advocates claim that human needs are homogeneous in every country supporting product standardisation within world markets (Levitt 1983 cited in Schlie and Yip, 2000). Some authors however argue that the globalisation strategy fails to address customer needs in national markets (Rugman Collinson, 2006). In order to analyse the distinction between integration and national responsiveness Figure 1 (Adapted from Bartlett and Ghoshal) will be used. Fig. 1 Source: Bartlett and Ghoshal, 1989, in Rugman and Hodgetts, 2001, p.335. As highlighted above, quadrant 1 represents high economic integration and low national responsiveness. This is a global strategy used by firms to achieve economies of scale (Rugman Collinson, 2006). Quadrant 4 represents high national responsiveness but low economic integration. This is a national responsiveness strategy used to customize products/services to local demand(Rugman Hodgetts, 2001). Quadrant 3 meanwhile, represents both high economic integration and national responsiveness. Quadrant 3 is the most demanding of all and is also where many successful transnational firms operate (Rugman Collinson, 2006). Finally, quadrant 2 is where the need for national responsiveness and economic integration is low. The banking industry uses a combination of mergers, acquisitions, subsidy and Greenfield strategies. However, economic integration is counterbalanced by national responsiveness in terms of how each strategy is designed and implemented (Rugman Collinson, 2006) given that consumer needs may differ from region to region indicates that a product or service introduced in one part of the world is usually rejected by consumers in other parts of the world (Rugman Hodgetts, 2001). HSBC provides a good example in relation to the notions mentioned above. Although, HSBCs international network comprises over 9,500 offices in 76 countries, its entry into the US began as a weak and poor performer. Peek et al. (1999) found that US subsidiaries of foreign banks generally perform poorly due to acquisition of unsuccessful US banks in conjunction with the inability to improve performance sufficiently. Taking this into consideration, HSBC pursued a localisation strategy in different regions of the worl d which is similar to Barclays use of integration in tandem with national responsiveness. 3. The International Business Environment of HSBC In order to understand HSBCs International Strategy, the companys business environment is going to be examined using Porters five Forces because as Sandler (2007:3) points out many of the problems and opportunities affecting a single firm may be associated with broader based systemic issues impacting an entire industry. Secondly, HSBCs business environment is going to be studied using pestle analysis. 3.1 Porters Five Forces Theory Porters 5 Forces theory demonstrates the influences of the five competitive forces which are used to define the characteristics of the target market (Crum 1998, p.307). The main competitive forcers include Porters 5 Forces theory demonstrates the influences of the industry competitiveness (Rugman Collinson, 2006) (See Appendix 1). 3.1.1 Level of Competition (Rivalry) Competition in the banking industry is extremely fierce and HSBC is in strong competition with other major banks, such as Barclays and Lloyds TSB. In an environment of strong competition, banks will find themselves involved in intense price competition. HSBC can avoid price competition by differentiating themselves from the competition as expressed by Porter (1985). HSBC also has competition online debit, insurance and mortgage companies that offer competitive prices. 3.1.2 Threat of Substitutes The threat of substitutes for HSBC is low because money cannot be replaced. However HSBC do have enormous competition from other banks and mortgage lenders and if customers are not happy with the prices and services they are receiving from their bank, they can easily move to a competitor. 3.1.3 Threat of New Entrants The threat of new entrants is extremely high, and not only from banks. Companies such as Sainsburys and Virgin also sell financial products. Ind Bjerke (2007) believe that brand loyalty is an important marketing factor, and HSBC certainly has this advantage. Customers may want a personal service, so the threat of small bank operators whom offer an intimate experience may be favoured over a large bank, such as HSBC (McDonald 2007). HSBC have been operating for many years and therefore has a lot of knowledge and customers can trust them. A new entrant would not have this advantage; especially in many of the countries that HSBC operates such as China, where trust is imperative to the culture (Brett et al 2006). Bargaining Power of Buyers Bargaining power of buyers is extremely high as customers can switch to a rival company with lower rates and offers such as free mobile phone insurance. The customer has the choice of going to a wide array of high street branches and therefore has great power which can affect the market share of HSBC. HSBC need to ensure that they offer something more than the other competing banks, such as holiday insurance. 3.1.5 Bargaining Power of Suppliers Bargaining power of suppliers with regards to HSBC is twofold. Firstly HSBC rely on its customers (suppliers) to bring in its product (money), therefore the bargaining power of suppliers is very high. Secondly, the suppliers are not a threat to HSBC because it is unlikely that they will open their own bank, so the bargaining power of suppliers here is very low. Table 1. Summary of Porters Five Forces Analysis Force Intensity Level of Competition High Threat of substitutes High Threats of New Entrants Low Bargaining power of buyers Very High Bargaining power of suppliers High Pestle Analysis Political Obtaining funding from the money markets has become more costly for HSBC as a result of uncertainty in financial markets and shortage of funds caused by the global credit crisis (BBC 2008). Because HSBC has branches all over the world, they must comply with changes in legislation with regards to their countries of ownership. An example of this was in 2006 when Vietnamese regulations proposed to increase the foreign ownership cap from 10 per cent. As a result of this new regulation, HSBCs FDI rose by 55 per cent (HSBC 2007). HSBC are also affected by political instability. This occurred in Thailand in 2006 when the political crisis had a negative impact on consumption patterns and the number of people taking out loans dropped, oil prices and interest rates increased. Due to all these issues, HSBC only reported a 4% growth in the Thai economy, far less than the other Asian banks (HSBC 2006). Other wars and conflicts in HSBC operating countries will have a direct negative impact on the company. 3.2.2 Economic The credit crunch has seen many major banks tighten their lending criteria in order to reduce the number of credit write-offs. Barclays recently wrote off  £1.67billion, Lloyds TSB  £1.26billion and HSBC  £943million (Hosking 2008). HSBCs profit before tax in 2007 was  £4,081million, and the bank reported a strong start to 2008 despite the global financial crisis. In the first quarter of 2008, HSBCs profit was ahead of the equivalent period last year (HSBC 2008). Compared to other major banks, including Barclays and Lloyds TSB, HSBC is doing well in the face of the crisis. Changes in foreign exchange rates affect HSBC and new frameworks, similar to one introduced in 2007 by the International Monetary Fund causes instability for HSBC (BBC 2007). Consumer perceptions at the emerging economic downturn has people concerned about their spending patterns and less likely to take out loans and spend what they have. Many banks have been withdrawing mortgage offers, however HSBC are now offering competitive rates (Budworth 2008). Due to their differentiation strategy, consumers are attracted to their mortgages. Social A report published in the Independent newspaper highlighted the fact that the number of people going to University increases each year, hence people are becoming better educated (Hilpern 2008). The range of services that HSBC offers to university students has increased over the years, however there have been recent campaigns against HSBC from Student Unions with regards to interest free overdrafts students receive upon leaving University (Coughlan 2007). Housing trends greatly affect HSBC and the current economic crisis has meant that major banks, including Barclays and Lloyds TSB have been urged to cut interest rates (Murchie 2008). Technological The Internet has consolidated itself as a very powerful platform that has changed the way businesses operate (Pieter 2007). People now have access to their finances easily, in any location and for 24 hours. There is vast room for improvement of M-Banking (mobile banking). People are so dependent upon mobile phones and have easier access to their mobile than a computer. The GLT (Global Technology Centre) within HSBC are responsible for new technological advances and operate throughout Europe, Asia and Africa. Environmental With growing environmental pressures, HSBC has become the worlds first major bank to become carbon neutral. HSBCs commitment to change ensures that they provide environmentally responsible advice to lenders and have become involved in a variety of initiatives, including the introduction of renewable energy technology, water and waste reduction programmes and employee engagement (HSBC 2007). Consumers have the option to go green with HSBC and reduce the impact on the environment by saving paper and energy. Customers will receive email statements instead of paper statements, there are no cheque or paying-in books and the customer will be contacted by telephone instead of post (HSBC 2008). Legal HSBC must comply with a wide array of laws and regulations, including consumer protection. Consumer complaints have been paramount in the media lately regarding high bank charges for overdraft limits. The High Court has now ruled that bank charges are to be assessed under consumer protection law. It is now up to the Office of Fair Trading (OFT) to decide the fairness of bank charges. Because of this new legislation, consumers have received millions of pounds back from these charges (Pollock 2008). HSBC has to comply with data security measures set by the Financial Services Authority after HSBC admitted to losing a disk that contained the personal details of 370,000 customers in March 2008 (Booth et al 2008). 4. EVALUATION OF HSBCS INTERNATIONAL BUSINESS STRATEGY 4.1 HSBCs Entry into North America HSBC began its growth in North America by acquiring failed and weak banks. In effect, shareholders lacking a comparative advantage relative to HSBC, with respect to owning and governing given banks or branches (Lichtenberg and Siegel, 1987), sold them to HSBC. Generally, growth through acquisition is difficult to execute as it is vulnerable to problems of over-reach due to managerial hubris (Roll, 1986; Baradwaj et al., 1992 Seth et al., 2000). One cannot arrive at strong conclusions from studies of the profitability of subsidiaries. Banks transfer profit across borders (Demirgà ¼Ãƒ §-Kunt Huizinga, 2001), and foreign banks may prefer to book some business from their headquarters (Peek Rosengren, 2000). One may surmise that HSBC initially chose to acquire weak banks as much out of necessity as design. For any given size, a profitable bank will cost more than an unprofitable one, so in order to achieve diversification goals, HSBC needed to acquire large banks. Now that HSBC is one of the worlds largest banks, whether one measures by market capitalization or total assets, it has more flexibility. Banking concentration is apparent in many developed countries (Marquez Molyneux, 2002). In response, policymakers within these countries have restricted banks from further domestic mergers and acquisitions. Some recent failed attempts in Canada are a case in point (Tickell, 2000). Growth opportunities therefore arise through cross border growth. Interestingly, each of the owners of the largest subsidiaries of foreign banks in the US is disproportionately often the largest bank in its home country (Tschoegl, 2002 2004). Strategy viability assessment is the classic area of determining how a foreign firm competes against local facing lower cultural issues (Zaheer, 1995). One issue then is whether having operations in contiguous countries represents a competitive advantage. Tschoegl (1987) Dufey Yeung (1993) have argued that, where markets are well developed and competitive, there is no reason to expect foreign banks to be better than local banks at retail banking. At the same time th ere is evidence for the existence of a liability of foreignness vis-à  -vis the foreign banks host-country competitors (Parkhe Miller, 2002). Of course, there is also evidence that suggests that, the liability is minimal (Nachum, 2003) or wanes over time (Zaheer Moskowitz, 1996). However, these last two studies examine the liability in the context of corporate and wholesale banking markets. The liability may be more salient in the retail markets, where national differences between the home and host market are likely to be more profound. Claessens et al. (2001), Demirgà ¼Ãƒ §-Kunt Huizinga (1999) found that foreign banks tend to have higher margins and profits than domestic banks in developing countries, but that the opposite holds in industrial countries. Similarly, Dopico Wilcox (2002) found that foreign banks have a greater share in under-banked markets and a smaller presence in mature markets. This implies there must not be a high expectancy for coss-border mergers in commercial banking within developed regions. One can specu late that on the production side, differences in products across markets and privacy laws appear to be limiting parents ability to consolidate processing. As far as depositors are concerned, there seems to be little value to having an account with a bank that operates in other countries, especially now that travelers can draw cash from networked ATMs. HSBC has a service for wealthy individuals-HSBC Premier-that provides cross border advantages as transfer of an individuals credit rating when they relocate, and some other services. However, these facilities are not available to ordinary accounts. The literature on trade flows is instructive here; the evidence on NAFTA has shown that borders have a substantial damping effect on trade flows (McCallum, 1995). In North America, HSBC is even poorly positioned to take advantage of cross-border retail banking that is currently drawing attention: remittance flows from Mexican workers in the US. Although HSBC now has a strong presence in Mexi co, it has almost no offices in California or other US states with large populations of Mexican immigrants. By contrast, Bank of America, the largest bank in California and in many other US states in 2002, bought a 25 percent stake in Santander-Serfin, Santanders subsidiary, which has amalgamated Mexicos oldest and third largest bank. If there is reason to believe that, HSBC benefits from cross-border demand or production effects, what is left as a source of advantage? One candidate is what Kindleberger (1969) called surplus managerial resources. When a bank such as HSBC can no longer grow at home, it may find itself with a management team that is underemployed in terms of the demands on its time. The bank may then choose to grow abroad when it can combine these surplus resources with what Berger et al. (2000) call a global advantage. As Nachum et al. (2001) point out, the competitiveness of firms depends on the kind of assets that firms can transfer internally from country to country, but are difficult to transfer from one firm to another, even within a country. Still, it is, extremely difficult to measure an intangible asset as subtle and hard to define as better management (Denrell, 2004), especially when, recent events have shown, stock market performance or accounting measures are of doubtful reliability. 5. HSBCs International Business Strategy HSBC, a growth oriented company from earliest days decided to launch concrete strategies to attain market leadership in all sectors operated in. Though the company was amongst the leading players in areas such as consumer finance, personal financial services, commercial and corporate banking, it also wanted to establish its presence in areas such as investment banking, mortgage, insurance and credit card business. To strengthen its product portfolio and geographical reach, HSBC embarked on an aggressive acquisition strategy. The focus was on areas where it was either weak or did not have a presence. Simultaneously, the company launched an aggressive branding exercise to complement its growth strategy. The geographical reach of the bank could be estimated by its presence in the form of the subsidiaries and franchises. It can be said that HSBC uses the multinational strategy since it operates in a range of markets. According to Prahalad and Doz (1987), the prime consideration here is t he extent of pressures for global integration and extent of pressures for local responsiveness. In addition, Schlie and Yip (2000:343) argue, the key in global strategy is to find the best balance between local adaptation and global standardisation. In order to achieve the benefits of globalisation, businesses need to recognise when industry conditions provide the opportunity to use global strategy levers (Yip, 1992). Authors Morrison and Roth, Rugman Verbeke (see Schlie Yip, 2000) maintain that Regional Strategies offer such an optimal balance. In order to analyse the globalisation drivers of HSBC, the Yip Framework drivers for internationalisation was adapted from Yip, 1992. According to Campbell (2002), Yip identified four drivers (See Appendix 2) which determines the nature and extent of globalisation in an industry. Table 2. Globalisation drivers of HSBC Market Globalisation Drivers Global customers Global distribution channels Presence in lead countries Common customer needs Cost Globalisation Drivers Global scale economies Difference in exchange rates High product development costs Rapid change in Technology Government Globalisation Drivers Common marketing regulations Government owned customers (Subsidies) Host government concerns (Policies) Competitive Globalisation Drivers Competitors globalised Competitors from different continents 6. Strategies and Performances of Principal competitors 6.1 Branding and Diversification Brand development creates an identity for businesses which creates a competitive edge depending on its effectiveness (Montoya, 2002). The groups chairman stated commitment to making HSBC one of the worlds leading brands for customer experience (HSBC, 2007). In 1998, the Group adopted the HSBC brand and the hexagon symbol as a unified brand in all the markets where it operated which emphasized its global reach. HSBC adopted taglines such as Your world of financial services in 1999 to enable customer awareness on the range of financial services available for each customer. HSBC ensures that its understanding of varied markets and cultures are integrated into its brand through the tagline The worlds local bank developed in 2002. Similarly its competitors, Barclays uses a branding strategy which promises to deliver value through financial expertise the fluent in finance strapline (Brand republic, 2004) and Lloyds TSB on the other hand, develops a global strategy through the development of a strong brand image by reducing local customization and selectively satisfying common customer demands across markets (Osono et al., 2008:28). Diversification Strategy is the launching of new, retail-focused services, Link with enabling competitive advantage (Hitt, et. al., 2006), Although HSBCs core brand is strong, customer recognition may have saturated, therefore integrating both fresh brands into subsidiaries in tandem enables its growth through Merger and acquisitions providing a competitive advantage, enabling HSBC to play a central role in two of Europes biggest-ever merger and acquisition deals i.e. Mittal Steels hostile bid for Frances Arcelor and German utility company Eons offering for Spanish rival Endesa (Digital look.com 2009). 6.2 Technology use and strategy Through advances in technology, HSBC presents customers with a broad spectrum of financial services including personal financial services and investment banking, amongst others, to create competitive advantage through strategic alignment (competitive potential) (Venkatraman et. al., 1993). Similarly, Barclays and Lloyds TSB use strategic alignment (Service level) to ensure the effective use of IT resources and be responsive to the growing and fast-changing demands of the end-user population (Cio.co.uk, 2010). 6.3 Performance Evaluation It is argued that positive relationships between marketing spend, market share and marketing activities have an incremental impact on market share however this does not apply to the big four banks (Digital look.com, 2009). The graph below demonstrates decline of share prices for RBS and Lloyds in the last two years. Both banks have lost between 75% and 85% of its values in comparison to the past 2 years. Fig2: Market Shares Trends of the Top Major Banks In summary, the results demonstrate varied results for UK banks in 2009. HSBC for example, report significant improvements whereas others such as Barclays and Lloyds TSB demonstrate decline due to the impact of the global financial crisis. In addition, according to Digital look.com (2009), HSBCs success attaining the top of investors is as a result of the following: Largest bank in the UK with a well-capitalised balance sheet. Solid defensive stock with a stable and resilient earnings track record. Well-placed to benefit from the continued economic growth in emerging markets. Currently trading on attractive valuations with a forward P/E of 11.6 times and a dividend yield of 3.4%. HSBC demonstrates a lack of focus and development with regards to investment banking which has prevented HSBC becoming a major player in investment banking. Focus and development is essential for performance improvement due to continuous sub-prime mortgage fallout and credit tightness influences on the retail banking sector (Digital look.com, 2009). The last three years demonstrate the emergence of HSBC as an investment banking brand. 7. CONCLUSION The findings indicate that HSBC dominates the banking industry with record profits, however the bank has reported increasing debts and this will not be helped by the current credit crisis in the US and the UK. As consumers become increasingly aware of the rising cost of living they are likely to shop around for the best interest rates and they are likely to find this on the internet with online mortgage and debt companies. Although the introduction of online banking has proved popular among HSBC customers, the company should ensure that extra security measures are in place that will guarantee maximum security of consumer data. As HSBC is a multinational company and therefore people trust the brand and confidence that their finances are being well maintained, there are development opportunities for the future in destinations, such as Afghanistan and Brazil. 8. RECOMMENDATIONS In order to rectify the shortcomings in its international strategy, the author of this report recommends that consideration be given to the following: HSBC should seek to identify optimal investment packages and strategies HSBC should expand its products and services to suit the various markets and the times. HSBC should focus on driving growth of brands and improving performance by ensuring that their strategies create value and growth. HSBC can stay ahead in competition by offering better services for its customers such as exceptional customer service, environmentally friendly policies including the HSBC Communities Policy which aids developing countries. BIBLIOGRAPHY Amel, D., Barnes, C., Panetta, F., Salleo, C. (2004). Consolidation and efficiency in the financial sector: A review of the international evidence, Journal of Banking and Finance, Vol. 28, No. 10, pp. 2493-2519. Anand J, Delios A. 2002. Absolute and relative resources as determinants of international acquisitions. Strategic Management Journal 23(2): 119-134. Barney JB. 1991. Firm resources and sustained competitive advantage. Journal of Management 17: 99-120 Baradwaj, B.G., Dubofsky, D., Fraser, D.R. (1992). Bidder Returns in Interstate and Intrastate Bank Acquisitions, Journal of Financial Services Research, Vol. 5, No. 3, pp. 261-73 Berger, A., DeYoung, R., Genay, H.Udell, G. (2000). Globalization of financial institutions: Evidence from cross-border banking performance, Brookings-Wharton Papers on Financial Service, Vol. 3 Brand Republic, 2004. [ONLINE]. Available at: http://www.brandrepublic.com/news/214994/sutherland-plays-wise-man-cynic-oldman-barclays/ [Accessed 4 April 2010]. Buckley PJ, Casson MC. 1976. The Future of the Multinational Enterprise. Macmillan: London, UK. Buckley PJ, Casson MC. 1998. Analyzing foreign market entry strategies: extending the internalization approach. Journal of International Business Studies 29: 539-562 Campbell, D., Stonehouse, G., Houston, B. 2002. Business strategy: an introduction CIO.CO.UK, 2010. HSBC: CIO 100. The UKs largest users of IT. [ONLINE]. Available at: http://www.cio.co.uk/cio100/hsbc/4141/ [Accessed 4 April 2010]. Demirgà ¼Ãƒ §-Kunt, A.,Huizinga, H. (1999). Determinants of Commercial Bank Interest Margins and Profitability: Some International Evide

Reducing and Analyzing Crime Through the Compstat Process

Reducing and Analyzing Crime Through the Compstat Process Prepared for Professor Suresh Radhakrishnan SPHR, MBA BUS 346 Business Communication San Fernando Valley Campus, Burbank, CA Prepared by Isaac Lowe 03-13-13 Table of Contents 1. Executive Summary †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ii 2. Overview of Compstat †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦1 3. Four Compstat Principles †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦1 4. Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) has established a uniform Crime Reporting †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. 2 5. Computing Year to Date (YTD) Weekl y Averages †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦2 6.Creating the Crime Summary Report †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. 3 7. Analysis of Crime Data and Strategies †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦3 8. Crime Summary Report †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦4 9. Conclusion †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦8 10. References †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â ‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. 9 List of Illustrations Figure 1 Crime Data Chart †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ 4 Figure 2 Year to Date Crime Data Chart †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. 4 i Reducing and Analyzing Crime Through the Compstat Process Executive Summary Law enforcement has developed strategies to reduce crime by analyzing crime data.Law enforcement has named this crime reduction strategy as the Compstat process. The Compstat concept analyzes the number and location of crimes and arrests as well as an analysis of suspects, victims, days and times to identify crime patterns, clusters, suspects and hot spots. There are four Compstat principles that are in place to ef fectively reduce crime. To reduce crime by analyzing the crime data, a Crime Summary Report and Crime Maps need to be produced so law enforcement can analyze the crime data. When creating the Crime Summary Report, you will need to compute Year to Date (YTD) Weekly Averages.Once you have the YTD weekly average, you can examine your current crime data to see if crime is increasing or decreasing. By comparing the current crime to the previous amount of crime you can see if crime is up or down and determine if the crime reduction strategies in place are working or if adjustments need to be made. The Compstat process and the Crime Summary Report are tools used for crime reduction. ii Reducing and Analyzing Crime Through the Compstat Process1 Overview of Compstat Law enforcement has developed strategies to reduce crime by analyzing crime data.Law enforcement has named this crime reduction strategy as the Compstat process. The Compstat process was developed by former New York Police Depart ment (NYPD) Commissioner William J. Bratton in the 1990’s. Compstat, stands for â€Å"Computer comparison statistics,† and is a system for managing police operations. The Compstat concept has been used widely in the law enforcement community in many different forms. The Compstat concept analyzes the number and location of crimes and arrests as well as an analysis of suspects, victims, days and times to identify crime patterns, lusters, suspects and hot spots. Law enforcement will create strategies to address the crime and implement it as quickly as possible. Law enforcement will consistently review, analyze the results and then repeat the process. This Compstat process can lead to the reduction of crime. Four Compstat Principles There are four Compstat principles that are in place to effectively reduce crime. The first principle is â€Å"Timely and Accurate Intelligence† which is knowing what crime is happening in your area. The Second principle is â€Å"Effect ive Tactics† which is having a game plan.The third principle is â€Å"Rapid Deployment† which is reacting quickly to where the crime is happening. The final principle is â€Å"Relentless Follow-up and Assessment† which is analyzing the results and making changes if needed. The first Compstat principle of â€Å"Accurate and Timely Intelligence† is to collect crime data in real time. Analysis the crime data and take action on identified crime trends. The crime data needs to be as accurate as possible. Without accurate and real time crime data, law enforcement will not be as effective in combating crime and implementing crime reduction strategies.Reducing and Analyzing Crime Through the Compstat Process2 The second Compstat principle of â€Å"Effective Tactics† is the development and implementation of crime reduction strategies based on the real time accurate intelligence that was gathered. Law enforcement needs to deploy specific resources and proacti ve strategies to target the crime problem. The third Compstat principle of â€Å"Rapid Deployment† is to quickly deploy crime fighting resources and implement strategies to the target area. Law enforcement needs to deploy its resources to where the crime is occurring now.The fourth Compstat principle of â€Å"Relentless Follow-up and Assessment† is to assess the implementation of the strategies had on target area and analyze the results. By analyzing the strategies and reviewing the results, law enforcement can see if the strategies are working. This review process will help law enforcement improve and make real time adjustments to the strategies in place. FBI Established Uniform Crime Reporting To reduce crime by analyzing the crime data, a Crime Summary Report and Crime Maps need to be produced so law enforcement can analyze the crime data.The Crime Summary Report is divided into a summary for each individual crime. The Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) has estab lished a uniform Crime Reporting Program which are Criminal Homicide, Forcible Rape, Robbery, Assault, Burglary, Larceny-Theft, Motor Vehicle Theft and Arson. These crimes are also known as â€Å"Part One† crimes. Computing Year to Date Weekly Averages When creating the Crime Summary Report, you will need to compute Year to Date (YTD) Weekly Averages. To do this, you will examine the collected crime data and see what the total number was for the specific crime that you are going to examine.Take that YTD total number for that specific crime and divide it by the total week’s crime data of that specific crime. The outcome will be the YTD weekly average. Once you have the YTD weekly average, you can examine your current crime data to Reducing and Analyzing Crime Through the Compstat Process3 see if crime is increasing or decreasing. Here is an example of the weekly average formula that you will use when computing the crime data for each specific crime: YTD Crime Total (137 ) / Crime Total for the week (7) = YTD Weekly Average (19. ). This formula will be used throughout the Crime Summary Report to obtain the YTD Weekly Averages for each crime summary. Creating the Crime Summary Report To start creating the Crime Summary Report, first, impute the 2012 and 2013 YTD Part One Averages on the top of the report so you can see the overall crime trend. Second, create a Crime Data Charts from the collected Crime Data. Next, provide an overall summary of all Part One Crime Data. Then give a summary of the Part One Violent Crime summary and Part One Property Crime Summary.Next, provide a brief summary of the each individual crime within Part One Violent and Part One Property Crimes. This brief summary will include an Analysis of the crime data and a Strategy of how to target the current crime problem. Analysis of Crime Data and Strategies The Analysis section of the Crime Summary Report is where you will be analyzing the crime data. By examining the Crime Maps o f where the crime occurred and the Crime Data you will be able to provide a written summary of the crime trend. In Analysis section you will also be using the weekly average formula to help you examine the Crime Data.The Strategies section of the Crime Summary Report is where you will be explaining your strategies to combat the current crime trends. The following is a Crime Summary Report that I have completed for the 9th week of 2013, ending 03/02/13,that can be referred to for an example. Reducing and Analyzing Crime Through the Compstat Process4 Crime Summary Report 9th week of 2013 ending: 03/02/2013 20132012 Average Year to Date (YTD) Weekly Part 1 Crime Totals:65. 576. 0 [pic] Figure 1: Crime Data Chart [pic] Figure 2: Year to Date Crime Chart Part One Crime SummaryPart-One Crimes (61) were above the week prior and are below the 2013 Year To Date (YTD) Weekly Average and below the 2012 YTD Weekly Average. There were (3) gang related Robberies and there Reducing and Analyzing C rime Through the Compstat Process5 was (2) gang related Aggravated Assaults this week. The central portions of the Division continues to account for the majority of the part one crime. Part One Violent Crimes (27) were above the week prior and are above the 2013 YTD Weekly Average of (21. 1) and above the 2012 YTD Weekly Average of (22. 2). Robberies increased this week and were mainly in central portion of the Division.Aggravated Assaults increased this week and were mostly spread out through the central portion of the Division. There were no Rapes and Homicides this week. Part One Property Crimes (34) were below the week prior and are below the 2013 YTD weekly average of (44. 6) and below the 2012 YTD Weekly Average of (53. 7). This week BTFV’s decreased with no major clusters. GTA increased slightly this week and were mainly spread out through the western portion of the Division. Burglaries decreased this week with no major clusters. Thefts increased this week and there wa s a small cluster in the central portion of the Division.Part One Violent Crime Summary HOMICIDE: 0 Analysis:None. Strategies:None. RAPE: 0 Analysis:None. Strategies:None. ASSAULTS: 11 Analysis: Aggravated Assaults are above the 2013 weekly average of (7. 1). Aggravated Assaults increased this week and were mainly in the central portion of the Division. Reducing and Analyzing Crime Through the Compstat Process6 Strategies: Request patrol & specialized units to continue drinking in public enforcement in directed areas. Officers will be directed to specific areas as needed to suppress the Aggravated Assault problem. ROBBERY: 16 Analysis:Robberies are above the 2013 Weekly Average of (13). Robberies increased this week and were mainly in the central portion of the Division. Strategies: Officer will be directed to specific areas as needed to suppress the Robbery problem. Request Gang Unit to enforce on all gang related crime. Narcotic Unit will conduct undercover operations to specific areas where the Robberies are occurring. Part One Property Crime Summary GRAND THEFT AUTO: 8 Analysis: Grand Theft Auto (GTA) are above the 2013 Weekly Average of (7. 6) and were mainly spread out through the western portion of the Division. Strategies:Officers will be directed to specific areas as needed to suppress the GTA problem. Officers will continue to receive updated GTA stolen vehicle list. The License Plate Recognition Vehicles will continue to be deployed in designated areas. Rampart Special Problems Unit (SPU) and Auto Detectives will also arrange a Bait Car Operation when the bait car is available. BURGLARY THEFT FROM VEHICLE: 4 Analysis: Burglary Theft From Vehicle (BTFV) are below the 2013 Weekly Average of (15. 0). This week BTFV’s decreased with no major clusters. Reducing and Analyzing Crime Through the Compstat Process7 Strategies:Officers will be directed through the daily mission to suppress the BTFV problem. Senior Lead Officers will continue the â€Å" Lock it, Hide it, Keep it† flyer campaign. Detectives will utilize Social Media to reach and educate as many community members as possible. Auto Detectives will arrange a Bait Car Operation when the bait car is available. BURGLARY: 2 Analysis: Burglaries are below the 2013 Weekly Average of (4. 6) with no major clusters. Strategies: Officers will be directed through the daily mission as needed to suppress the Burglary problem.Senior Lead Officers (SLO) will continue the â€Å"Lock it, Hide it, Keep it† flyer campaign. Detectives will utilize Social Media to reach and educate as many community members as possible. THEFTS: 20 Analysis: Thefts are above the 2013 Weekly Average of (17. 3) and were mainly spread out through the Division with a small cluster in the central portion of the Division. Strategies: Officers will be directed through the Daily Mission as needed. The decoy car will continue to be deployed in the major shopping centers. Officers will continue to drive through major parking lots of the shopping centers.SLO will continue to walk through businesses on a daily bases and continue to meet with the personnel. The Bike Unit will provide high visibility patrol in the parking lots of the shopping centers. -End of Crime Summary Report- Reducing and Analyzing Crime Through the Compstat Process8 After reading the Crime Summary Report we can see how through analyzing the Crime Data and Crime Maps we are able to effectively write a written summary of the crime trends. Furthermore, we are able to analyze our strategies to see if they are effective. The Crime Summary Report gives us a comprehensive account of the current crime trends.Conclusion In conclusion, to successfully reduce the incidence of crime, it is done through comparing the numbers of the current crime to the previous amount of crime. Whether crime is up or down, will help determine if the crime reduction strategies are working or if adjustments need to be made so a different approa ch can be implemented. The Compstat process and the Crime Summary Report are tools used for crime reduction by counting, comparing and mapping crime data for law enforcement to analyze. Reducing and Analyzing Crime Through the Compstat Process9 References Los Angeles Police Department’s Compstat Unit. 2010, March 09). The Compstat Process – Managing Crime Reduction on the LAPD. George Gascon. (2006, January 25). Compstat Plus. David Weisburd, Stephen D. Mastrofski, Rosann Greenspan, and James J. Willis. (2004, April). The Growth of Compstat in American Policing. LAPD Website. Compstat process information Retrieved March, 08, 2013, from http://www. lapdonline. org William J. Bratton and Sean W. Malinowski. Police Performance Management in Practice: Taking COMPSTAT to the Next Level Vincent E. Henry. (2002) A comprehensive study of Compstat in police history and reform